framework fOT theory, which can be developed in various ways. It has p translation - framework fOT theory, which can be developed in various ways. It has p Indonesian how to say

framework fOT theory, which can be

framework fOT theory, which can be developed in various ways. It has proven to be a highly productive program, leading to an explosion of research into languages of a very broad typological range, and in far greater depth than before. A rich variety of previously-unknown phenomena have been unearthed, along with many new insights and provocative new problems. The program has abo led to new and far-reaching studies of language acquisition and other areas of research, It is doubtful that there has ever been a period when so much has been learned about human language. Certainly the relevant fields look quite different than they did not very long ago.
The P &P approach, as noted, suggested a promising way to resolve the tension hetween the search for descriptive and explanatory adequacy j at least in principle, to some extent in practice. It became possible, really for the first time, to see at least the contours of what might be 8 genuine theory of language that might jointly satisfy the conditions of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. That makes it possible to entertain seriously further questions that arise within the biolinguistic approach, questions that had been raised much earlier in reflections on generative grammar, but left to the side: questions about how to proceed heyond explanatory adequacy.
It has long been understood that natural selection operates within a
..channel" of possibilities established by natural law , and that the nature of an organism cannot truly be understood without an account of how the laws of nature enter into determining its structures, form, and properties. Classic studies of these questions were undertaken by D'Arcy Thompson and Alan Turing, who believed that these should ultimately become the central topics of the theory of evolution and of the development of organisms (morphogenesis}. Similar questions arise in the study of cognitive systems, in particular FL. To the extent that they can be answered, we will have advanced beyond explanatory adequacy.
Inquiry into these topics has come to be called "the minimalist
program ... The study of UG seeks to determine what are the properties of language; its principles and parameters, if the P&P approach is on the right track. The minimalist program asks why language is based on these properties, not others. Specifically, we may seek to determine to what extent the properties of language can be derived from general properties of complex organisms and from the conditions that FL must satisfy to be usable at all: the "interface conditions" imposed hy the systems with which FL interacts. Reformulating the traditional observation that language is a system of form and meaning, we observe that FL must at least satisfy interface conditions imposed by the sensorimotor systems (SM) and systems of thought and action, sometimes called "conceptual-intentional" (CI) systems, We can think of an l-language , to first approximation, as a system that links SM and CI hy generating expressions that are "legible" by these systems, which exist independently of language. Since the states of FL are computational systems, the general properties that particularly concern us are

F22

those of efficient computation. A very strong minimalist thesis would hold that FL is an optimal solution to the problem of linking SM and CI, in some natural sense of optimal computation.
Like the P&P approach that provides its natural setting, the minimalist
program formulates questions, for which answers are to be sought - among them, the likely discovery that the questions were wrongly formulated and must be reconsidered. The program resembles earlier efforts to find the best theories of FL and its states, hut poses questions of a different order, hard and intriguing ones: Could it be that FL and its states are themselves optimal, in some interesting sense? That would be an interesting and highly suggestive discovery, if true. In the past few years there has been extensive study of these topics from many different points of view. with some promising results, I think, and abo many new problems and apparent paradoxes.
Insofar as the program succeeds, it will provide further evidence for the Galilean thesis th
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framework fOT theory, which can be developed in various ways. It has proven to be a highly productive program, leading to an explosion of research into languages of a very broad typological range, and in far greater depth than before. A rich variety of previously-unknown phenomena have been unearthed, along with many new insights and provocative new problems. The program has abo led to new and far-reaching studies of language acquisition and other areas of research, It is doubtful that there has ever been a period when so much has been learned about human language. Certainly the relevant fields look quite different than they did not very long ago.The P &P approach, as noted, suggested a promising way to resolve the tension hetween the search for descriptive and explanatory adequacy j at least in principle, to some extent in practice. It became possible, really for the first time, to see at least the contours of what might be 8 genuine theory of language that might jointly satisfy the conditions of descriptive and explanatory adequacy. That makes it possible to entertain seriously further questions that arise within the biolinguistic approach, questions that had been raised much earlier in reflections on generative grammar, but left to the side: questions about how to proceed heyond explanatory adequacy.It has long been understood that natural selection operates within a..channel" of possibilities established by natural law , and that the nature of an organism cannot truly be understood without an account of how the laws of nature enter into determining its structures, form, and properties. Classic studies of these questions were undertaken by D'Arcy Thompson and Alan Turing, who believed that these should ultimately become the central topics of the theory of evolution and of the development of organisms (morphogenesis}. Similar questions arise in the study of cognitive systems, in particular FL. To the extent that they can be answered, we will have advanced beyond explanatory adequacy.Inquiry into these topics has come to be called "the minimalistprogram ... The study of UG seeks to determine what are the properties of language; its principles and parameters, if the P&P approach is on the right track. The minimalist program asks why language is based on these properties, not others. Specifically, we may seek to determine to what extent the properties of language can be derived from general properties of complex organisms and from the conditions that FL must satisfy to be usable at all: the "interface conditions" imposed hy the systems with which FL interacts. Reformulating the traditional observation that language is a system of form and meaning, we observe that FL must at least satisfy interface conditions imposed by the sensorimotor systems (SM) and systems of thought and action, sometimes called "conceptual-intentional" (CI) systems, We can think of an l-language , to first approximation, as a system that links SM and CI hy generating expressions that are "legible" by these systems, which exist independently of language. Since the states of FL are computational systems, the general properties that particularly concern us areF22 those of efficient computation. A very strong minimalist thesis would hold that FL is an optimal solution to the problem of linking SM and CI, in some natural sense of optimal computation.Like the P&P approach that provides its natural setting, the minimalistprogram formulates questions, for which answers are to be sought - among them, the likely discovery that the questions were wrongly formulated and must be reconsidered. The program resembles earlier efforts to find the best theories of FL and its states, hut poses questions of a different order, hard and intriguing ones: Could it be that FL and its states are themselves optimal, in some interesting sense? That would be an interesting and highly suggestive discovery, if true. In the past few years there has been extensive study of these topics from many different points of view. with some promising results, I think, and abo many new problems and apparent paradoxes.Insofar as the program succeeds, it will provide further evidence for the Galilean thesis th
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Kerangka fot teori, yang dapat dikembangkan dalam berbagai cara. Hal ini telah terbukti menjadi program yang sangat produktif, menyebabkan ledakan penelitian ke dalam bahasa dari berbagai tipologi yang sangat luas, dan jauh lebih mendalam daripada sebelumnya. Berbagai kaya fenomena sebelumnya tidak diketahui telah digali, bersama dengan banyak wawasan baru dan masalah baru yang provokatif. Program ini telah abo menyebabkan studi baru dan jauh dari akuisisi bahasa dan area lain dari penelitian, Sangat diragukan bahwa ada yang pernah periode ketika begitu banyak yang telah dipelajari tentang bahasa manusia. Tentu bidang yang relevan terlihat berbeda dari yang mereka lakukan beberapa waktu yang lalu.
The P & P pendekatan, seperti dicatat, menyarankan cara yang menjanjikan untuk menyelesaikan ketegangan hetween pencarian deskriptif dan explanatory j kecukupan setidaknya pada prinsipnya, sampai batas tertentu dalam praktek . Menjadi mungkin, benar-benar untuk pertama kalinya, untuk melihat setidaknya kontur apa yang mungkin 8 teori asli bahasa yang mungkin bersama-sama memenuhi kondisi kecukupan deskriptif dan explanatory. Yang memungkinkan untuk menghibur pertanyaan serius lebih lanjut yang timbul dalam pendekatan biolinguistic, pertanyaan yang dibesarkan jauh lebih awal dalam refleksi pada tata bahasa generatif, tetapi meninggalkan ke samping. Pertanyaan tentang bagaimana untuk melanjutkan kecukupan jelas heyond
Telah lama dipahami bahwa seleksi alam bekerja dalam
..channel "kemungkinan ditetapkan oleh hukum alam, dan bahwa sifat suatu organisme tidak bisa benar-benar dipahami tanpa penjelasan tentang bagaimana hukum-hukum alam masuk ke dalam menentukan strukturnya, bentuk, dan sifat. studi klasik pertanyaan ini yang dilakukan oleh D'Arcy Thompson dan Alan Turing, yang percaya bahwa pada akhirnya harus menjadi topik sentral dari teori evolusi dan perkembangan organisme (morfogenesis}. pertanyaan serupa muncul dalam studi sistem kognitif, khususnya .. FL untuk sejauh bahwa mereka dapat dijawab, kita akan maju di luar kecukupan jelas
Kirim ke topik ini telah datang untuk disebut "minimalis
Program ... studi tentang UG berusaha untuk menentukan apa yang sifat bahasa; prinsip dan parameter, jika P & P pendekatan adalah di jalur yang benar. Program minimalis bertanya mengapa bahasa didasarkan pada sifat ini, bukan orang lain. Secara khusus, kami akan berupaya untuk menentukan sejauh mana dapat diturunkan sifat bahasa dari sifat umum dari organisme kompleks dan dari kondisi yang FL harus memenuhi untuk dapat digunakan sama sekali: "kondisi antarmuka" yang dikenakan hy sistem dengan yang FL berinteraksi . Merumuskan pengamatan tradisional bahwa bahasa adalah sistem bentuk dan makna, kita mengamati bahwa FL harus setidaknya memenuhi kondisi antarmuka yang diberlakukan oleh sistem sensorimotor (SM) dan sistem pemikiran dan tindakan, kadang-kadang disebut "konseptual-disengaja" (CI) sistem , Kita dapat memikirkan sebuah l-bahasa, untuk pendekatan pertama, sebagai sistem yang menghubungkan SM dan CI menghasilkan hy ekspresi yang "terbaca" oleh sistem ini, yang ada secara independen dari bahasa. Karena negara FL adalah sistem komputasi, sifat umum yang sangat perhatian kita adalah

F22 mereka dari perhitungan efisien. Tesis minimalis yang sangat kuat akan berpendapat bahwa FL adalah solusi optimal untuk masalah menghubungkan SM dan CI, dalam arti alam komputasi optimal. Seperti P & P pendekatan yang menyediakan pengaturan alam, yang minimalis Program merumuskan pertanyaan, yang jawabannya harus dicari - di antara mereka, kemungkinan penemuan bahwa pertanyaan yang salah dirumuskan dan harus dipertimbangkan kembali. Program ini menyerupai upaya sebelumnya untuk menemukan teori terbaik dari FL dan negara-negara yang, tapi menimbulkan pertanyaan dari urutan yang berbeda, yang keras dan menarik: Mungkinkah FL dan negara-negara yang itu sendiri optimal, dalam arti yang menarik? Itu akan menjadi penemuan yang menarik dan sangat sugestif, jika benar. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah ada studi ekstensif dari topik ini dari berbagai sudut pandang yang berbeda. dengan beberapa hasil yang menjanjikan, saya pikir, dan abo banyak masalah baru dan paradoks jelas. Sejauh program berhasil, itu akan memberikan bukti lebih lanjut untuk tesis Galilea th




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