C difficile colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial translation - C difficile colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial Indonesian how to say

C difficile colitis results from a

C difficile colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, colonization with C difficile, and release of toxins that cause mucosal inflammation and damage. Colonization occurs by the fecal-oral route. Hospitalized patients are the primary targets of C difficile infection (CDI), although C difficile is present as a colonizer in 2-3% of healthy adults and in as many as 70% of healthy infants.[10] (Treatment of asymptomatic carriers is not recommended.)

C difficile forms heat-resistant spores that can persist in the environment for several months to years. Outbreaks of C difficile diarrhea may occur in hospitals and outpatient facilities where contamination with spores is prevalent. Although normal gut flora resists colonization and overgrowth with C difficile, the use of antibiotics, which alter and suppress the normal flora, allows proliferation of C difficile, toxin production, and diarrhea.

Pathogenic strains of C difficile produce 2 distinct toxins. Toxin A is an enterotoxin, and toxin B is a cytotoxin; both are high–molecular weight proteins capable of binding to specific receptors on the intestinal mucosal cells. Receptor-bound toxins gain intracellular entry by catalyzing a specific alteration of Rho proteins—small glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP)–binding proteins that assist in actin polymerization, cytoskeletal architecture, and cell movement. Both toxin A and toxin B appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of C difficile colitis in humans.

The NAP1 hypervirulent strain of C difficile is associated with the most serious sequelae of CDI, causing severe and fulminant colitis that is characterized by leukocytosis, renal failure, and toxic megacolon.[11] The widespread use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics may have played a role in the proliferation of the NAP1 strain. Once rising white blood cell count or hemodynamic instability occurs and fulminant colitis is imminent, subtotal colectomy with end ileostomy is often necessary. Fecal bacteriotherapy and immunotherapy are investigative treatment strategies that have potential for managing patients with severe CDI.[11]
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C difficile colitis results from a disturbance of the normal bacterial flora of the colon, colonization with C difficile, and release of toxins that cause mucosal inflammation and damage. Colonization occurs by the fecal-oral route. Hospitalized patients are the primary targets of C difficile infection (CDI), although C difficile is present as a colonizer in 2-3% of healthy adults and in as many as 70% of healthy infants.[10] (Treatment of asymptomatic carriers is not recommended.)C difficile forms heat-resistant spores that can persist in the environment for several months to years. Outbreaks of C difficile diarrhea may occur in hospitals and outpatient facilities where contamination with spores is prevalent. Although normal gut flora resists colonization and overgrowth with C difficile, the use of antibiotics, which alter and suppress the normal flora, allows proliferation of C difficile, toxin production, and diarrhea.Pathogenic strains of C difficile produce 2 distinct toxins. Toxin A is an enterotoxin, and toxin B is a cytotoxin; both are high–molecular weight proteins capable of binding to specific receptors on the intestinal mucosal cells. Receptor-bound toxins gain intracellular entry by catalyzing a specific alteration of Rho proteins—small glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP)–binding proteins that assist in actin polymerization, cytoskeletal architecture, and cell movement. Both toxin A and toxin B appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of C difficile colitis in humans.The NAP1 hypervirulent strain of C difficile is associated with the most serious sequelae of CDI, causing severe and fulminant colitis that is characterized by leukocytosis, renal failure, and toxic megacolon.[11] The widespread use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics may have played a role in the proliferation of the NAP1 strain. Once rising white blood cell count or hemodynamic instability occurs and fulminant colitis is imminent, subtotal colectomy with end ileostomy is often necessary. Fecal bacteriotherapy and immunotherapy are investigative treatment strategies that have potential for managing patients with severe CDI.[11]
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C hasil difficile kolitis dari gangguan flora bakteri normal usus besar, kolonisasi dengan C difficile, dan pelepasan racun yang menyebabkan peradangan mukosa dan kerusakan. Kolonisasi terjadi melalui rute fecal-oral. Pasien rawat inap adalah target utama infeksi C difficile (CDI), meskipun C difficile hadir sebagai penjajah di 2-3% orang dewasa yang sehat dan sebanyak 70% dari bayi yang sehat. [10] (Pengobatan pembawa asimtomatik tidak dianjurkan.)

C difficile membentuk spora yang tahan panas yang dapat bertahan di lingkungan selama beberapa bulan untuk tahun. Wabah C difficile diare dapat terjadi di rumah sakit dan fasilitas rawat jalan di mana kontaminasi dengan spora adalah lazim. Meskipun flora usus yang normal menolak penjajahan dan pertumbuhan berlebih dengan C difficile, penggunaan antibiotik, yang mengubah dan menekan flora normal, memungkinkan proliferasi C difficile, produksi toksin, dan diare.

Strain patogenik C difficile menghasilkan 2 racun yang berbeda. Toxin A adalah enterotoksin, dan toksin B adalah cytotoxin sebuah; keduanya adalah protein berat molekul tinggi yang mampu mengikat reseptor spesifik pada sel mukosa usus. Racun reseptor-terikat mendapatkan intraseluler entri dengan mengkatalisis suatu perubahan spesifik Rho protein-kecil glutamyl transpeptidase (GTP) -binding protein yang membantu dalam polimerisasi aktin, arsitektur cytoskeletal, dan gerakan sel. Kedua toksin A dan toksin B tampaknya memainkan peran dalam patogenesis C difficile kolitis pada manusia.

The NAP1 regangan hipervirulen dari C difficile dikaitkan dengan gejala sisa yang paling serius dari CDI, menyebabkan kolitis berat dan fulminan yang ditandai dengan leukositosis, ginjal kegagalan, dan megakolon toksik. [11] Meluasnya penggunaan antibiotik fluorokuinolon mungkin telah memainkan peran dalam perkembangan strain NAP1. Setelah menghitung naik sel darah putih atau ketidakstabilan hemodinamik terjadi dan kolitis fulminan sudah dekat, kolektomi subtotal dengan akhir ileostomy sering diperlukan. Bacteriotherapy tinja dan imunoterapi adalah strategi pengobatan investigasi yang memiliki potensi untuk mengelola pasien dengan CDI parah. [11]
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