After logging and building of the skidding roads, local farmers utiliz translation - After logging and building of the skidding roads, local farmers utiliz Indonesian how to say

After logging and building of the s

After logging and building of the skidding roads, local farmers utilized
large parts of the area for shifiing cultivation until 1988. Shifting cultivated
areas have thereafter been occupied by pioneer tree species with a
non-existing or very low economic value and at the time of the study,
1994, a dense secondary forest had emerged on these areas. The areas
which were not shifting cultivated were subjected to illegal cuttings until
1994. Poaching of residual dipterocarp mother trees has reduced the regeneration
capacity of the valuable timber stock considerably (Kuusipalo
et al. 1995 in press).
According to forest inventories, total of 198 tree species have been
identified in the concession area (Kuusipalo et al. 1995 in press). These
include 14 species of the Diptemcarpaceae family. Shorea spp. is by far
the most dominant genus of all trees, represented by eight species. In
addition, three species of the genus Diptemcarpus and one species of each
of the genera Dlyobalanops, Vatica and Hopea were found. Average basal
Downloaded by [Eindhoven Technical University] at 02:25 14 February 2015
Kuusipalo, Kangas, and ka I01
area of trees (DBH > 5 cm) in logged-over but unburned area is 28.6
sq.m./ha. Dipterocarps predominate the upper canopy with an average
standing crop of 36 cub.m./ha and MA1 of 3 cub.m./ha (Kuusipalo et al.
1995 in press). Approximately 10% of the commercial dipterocarp trees
will reach or exceed 50 cm DBH within the next ten years. Within 35
years, the share of harvestable trees will be 30%, allowing a secondary cut
of 40 cub.m./ha.
On the contrary, secondary forest emerged in the shifting cultivated
areas consists of 117 species on the average, with dipterocarps totally
lacking. The dominant tree families include Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae,
Lauraceae, Verbenaceae, and Anacardiaceae (Kuusipalo et al. 1995 in
press). Average basal area is 22 sq.m./ha; volume estimates are unreliable,
and the standing crop has practically no commercial value.
The third forest type, unlogged natural forest, is mostly confined in the
high elevations at the fringe of the concession area. Dipterocarpus spp.
dominates that area but Shorea spp. are also fairly abundant. The concession
holder has estimated that the average volume of marketable tree
species with a diameter > 50 cm per hectare is ca. 120 cub.m., allowing a
first cut of 40 cub.m./ha, if a rotation time of 35 years is applied.
In addition, large parts of the concession area-particularly the more
open areas such as abandoned shifting cultivation areas and roadsidewre
covered by a fire-climax grass species Imperata cylindrica (see e.g., Eussen
& Wirjahardja 1973; Dove 1983). These areas have no tree cover and
very little economic value for the local population.
The concession area can thus be divided into four successional types,
differing from each other mainly in their post-logging management. The
first type, unlogged, unburned virgin forest at the upper fringe of the area
covers ca. 10% of the concession. Logged-over, unburned forest covers
ca. 40%, secondary forest on previous shifting cultivation sites ca. 30%,
and Zmperata cylindrica grasslands 20% of the area. Thc above figures are
net areas without roads, buildings, permanent fields and farmsteads.
The objective of the particular sustainable use planning problem was to
maximize the income from timber while at the same time maintaining
biodiversity and other environmental functions of the forest, as well as its
quality as the habitat of the local farmer population. Thus, maximizing of
the overall utility, or sustainability, consisting of multiple sub-utilities, is
the general decision goal at the uppermost level of the decision hierarchy
(Figure I). The second level consists of decision attributes explaining
overall sustainability, and the third level is composed of individual criteria
of sustainability with respect to each decision attribute.
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Setelah penebangan dan pembangunan jalan skidding, petani lokal digunakansebagian besar area untuk penanaman shifiing sampai 1988. Pergeseran dibudidayakandaerah itu telah diduduki oleh jenis pohon perintis dengantidak ada atau sangat rendah nilai ekonomis dan pada saat penelitian,tahun 1994, hutan sekunder padat telah muncul di daerah-daerah tersebut. Daerahyang tidak sedang bergeser dibudidayakan yang mengalami ilegal stek sampai1994. perburuan dari sisa dipterokarpa pohon induk telah mengurangi regenerasikapasitas kayu berharga saham jauh (Kuusipaloet al. 1995 dalam pers).Menurut hutan persediaan, total 198 spesies pohon telahdiidentifikasi di daerah konsesi (Kuusipalo et al. 1995 dalam pers). Initermasuk 14 spesies dari keluarga Diptemcarpaceae. Shorea spp. adalah jauhgenus paling dominan dari semua pohon, diwakili oleh delapan spesies. DalamSelain itu, tiga spesies dari genus Diptemcarpus dan satu spesies dari masing-masingdari genera Dlyobalanops, Vatica dan Hopea yang ditemukan. Rata-rata basalDownload oleh [Universitas Teknik Eindhoven] 02.25 14 Februari 2015 Kuusipalo, Kangas, dan ka I01daerah pohon (dana bagi HASIL > 5 cm) di login-over tapi area yang terbakar adalah 28.6sq.m./ha. Pohon-pohon dipterokarpa mendominasi atas kanopi dengan rata-ratatanaman berdiri 36 cub.m./ha dan MA1 cub.m./ha 3 (Kuusipalo et al.1995 dalam pers). Sekitar 10% dari pohon-pohon dipterokarpa komersialakan mencapai atau melebihi 50 cm dana bagi HASIL dalam sepuluh tahun berikutnya. Dalam 35tahun, berbagi dipanen pohon akan 30%, yang memungkinkan dipotong sekunderdari 40 cub.m./ha.Sebaliknya, hutan sekunder muncul dalam pergeseran dibudidayakanarea yang terdiri dari 117 spesies rata-rata, dengan pohon-pohon dipterokarpa benar-benarkurang. Termasuk keluarga pohon dominan Euphorbiaceae, Moraceae,Lauraceae, Verbenaceae dan Anacardiaceae (Kuusipalo et al. 1995 diTekan). Rata-rata basal area adalah 22 sq.m./ha; perkiraan volume tidak dapat dipercaya,dan tanaman berdiri memiliki hampir tidak ada nilai komersial.Ketiga jenis hutan, hutan alam yang tidak login, dibatasi diketinggian tinggi di pinggiran daerah konsesi. Keruing spp.mendominasi daerah tetapi Shorea spp. yang juga cukup berlimpah. Konsesipemegang telah memperkirakan bahwa rata-rata volume pohon dipasarkanspesies dengan diameter > 50 cm per hektar adalah ca. 120 cub.m., memungkinkanpertama dipotong dari 40 cub.m./ha, jika diterapkan waktu rotasi dari 35 tahun.Selain itu, sebagian besar konsesi daerah khususnya lebihmembuka daerah seperti ditinggalkan pergeseran daerah budidaya dan roadsidewreditutupi oleh rumput api-klimaks spesies Imperata cylindrica (Lihat misalnya, Eussen& Wirjahardja 1973; Dove 1983). Daerah ini memiliki tidak penutup pohon dansangat sedikit nilai ekonomi bagi penduduk setempat.Area konsesi sehingga dapat dibagi menjadi empat jenis successional,berbeda dari satu sama lain terutama dalam manajemen pasca penebangan mereka. Thejenis pertama, tamu, pembakaran hutan perawan di pinggiran atas daerah««««mencakup ca. 10% konsesi. Login-over, pembakaran hutan mencakupsekitar 40%, hutan sekunder pada budidaya pergeseran sebelumnya situs ca. 30%,dan Zmperata cylindrica padang rumput 20% dari daerah. THC di atas angka-angka yangdaerah yang bersih tanpa jalan, bangunan, bidang permanen dan kediaman.Tujuan dari pemanfaatan tertentu perencanaan masalah adalah untukmemaksimalkan pendapatan dari kayu sementara pada waktu sama mempertahankankeanekaragaman hayati dan fungsi lainnya lingkungan hutan, serta yangkualitas sebagai habitat dari penduduk petani setempat. Dengan demikian, memaksimalkan darikeseluruhan utilitas, atau keberlanjutan, terdiri dari beberapa sub utilitas,tujuan umum keputusan di tingkat teratas hirarki keputusan(Gambar saya). Tingkat kedua terdiri dari keputusan atribut menjelaskankeseluruhan keberlanjutan, dan tingkat ketiga terdiri dari individu kriteriakeberlanjutan sehubungan dengan atribut keputusan masing-masing.
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