Sleep insufficiency effects, examined alone, demonstrated significant associations with increased BMI and risk for obesity, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia. A study by Shankar, Syamala, and Kalidindi [18] indicated similar results in their investigation of insufficient rest or sleep in relation to cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and obesity. They found an overall positive association in both age/sex-adjusted and multivariable-adjusted models. Further, they analyzed sleep insufficiency separately in relation to coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and obesity, all of which demonstrated a significant positive association in both models. The question of sleep insufficiency attempts to indicate healthy sleep more directly than with a measure of sleep duration, which may exclude important individual differences in sleep need.