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5.12. Heterogeneity of networking technologies
Each networking technology has its own set of unique characteristics and poses challenges that require specific solutions for provisioning, operation, and maintenance of virtual network on those platforms. For instance, UCLP virtualizes optical networks capitalizing on the property of lightpaths that can be physically sub-divided into smaller lightpaths. Virtual Sensor Networks (VSN) [108], on the other hand, deal with providing protocol support for dynamic formation, usage, adaptation, and maintenance of subsets of sensors under unique power constraints. Similarly, virtualization of wireless networks using different multiplexing techniques creates different complications, e.g., node synchronization and managing device states [109].
End-to-end network virtualization requires framework that handle interactions between such contrasting under- lying infrastructures while providing a generic and trans- parent interface for service providers to easily compose and manage virtual networks.
5.13. Network virtualization economics
In traditional network economics, bandwidth is the chief commodity of interest. But in its network virtualization counterpart, virtual nodes are important as well. In such a marketplace, service providers and infrastructure providers maintain buyer–seller relationships with brokers acting as mediators between these two parties. End users also participate as buyers of services from different service providers [80].
There are two general types of marketplaces: centralized and decentralized. Centralized marketplaces are efficient but vulnerable against attacks and not scalable. On the other hand, fully decentralized marketplaces are extensible and fault-tolerant but prone to malicious behavior and inefficiency. Hausheer and Stiller [110,111] present asemi decentralized double-auction based marketplace for virtual network environments. However, there work focus mostly on virtual links, leaving incorporating virtual nodes to the economic model as an open challenge.
6. Conclusion
Most researchers agree that the Internet has reached a tipping point where most of their time and effort is spent in putting band aids on its existing flaws rather than in cultivating novel ideas. To fight back this ossification, redesign of the Internet is a bare necessity [112]. Instead of creating yet another one-size-fits-all architecture, a versatile net- working paradigm must be established that will be flexible enough to support multiple coexisting architectures through network virtualization [1,2]. As a result, major initiatives onnext-generation networks (e.g., FIND6 projects in the US, FIRE7 projects in the EU, Asia Future Internet (Asi- aFI8), New Generation Network (NWGN) forum [113] in Ja- pan, and Future Internet Forum (FIF9) in South Korea) all around the world are promoting inclusion of network virtualization concepts in their core architectural designs.
Moreover, network virtualization stands at a unique point in the current virtualization landscape as the missing link that will interconnect all other virtualized appliances
– ranging from operating systems, storage systems to servers and even large data centers – to create a complete semblance of a virtualized computing environment.
In this paper, we have surveyed the past and the state of the art in network virtualization research. It is evident that even though network virtualization promises an open, flexible, and heterogeneous networking environment, it will also pose a string of challenges in terms of instantiation, operation, and management that will require coordinated attention from researchers working in networking and other related fields for its success and wide acceptance.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their detailed comments and suggestions throughout the reviewing process that have significantly improved the quality of this paper. We also thank IRTF (Internet Research Task Force) Network Virtualization Research Group (NVRG) members for informative discussions on the definition of network virtualization and network virtualization environment.
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