Design DeficienciesRoot causes of failures that stem from design defic translation - Design DeficienciesRoot causes of failures that stem from design defic Indonesian how to say

Design DeficienciesRoot causes of f

Design Deficiencies
Root causes of failures that stem from design deficiencies refer to unacceptable features of a product or system that are a
result of the design process. This process encompasses the original concept development, the general configuration
definition, and the detail design, including selection and specification of materials and manufacturing processes. Design
involves identifying and defining a need for the product or system, followed by definition of the performance
requirements, anticipated service conditions in the application(s), the constraints on the design, and the criticality or risks
associated with failure (Ref 31). Discussion of the design process as it relates to failure analysis and prevention is
provided in the article “Design Review for Failure Analysis and Prevention” in this Section.
Some examples of design deficiencies include unintended stress raisers due to excessively sharp notches (Ref 32) (e.g., in
keyways on shafts) or insufficient radii (e.g., on shafts at bearing journals). Other examples include unanticipated residual
stresses associated with heat treating configurations designed with complex geometries, or assembly stresses from
configurations that contain unwanted interference. Inappropriate surface treatments could result in failures, such as the
use of cadmium plating on an A286 superalloy fastener, subjected to service temperatures above 315 °C (600 °F) (the
melting temperature of cadmium is 320 °C, or 610 °F). Two metals specified for use in a wear application could sustain
galling if the metals are incompatible, such as sliding wear of components made from 300 series stainless steels.
Selection of a material that is incapable of providing adequate mechanical properties for the application (including
strength, fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, corrosion resistance, elevated temperature resistance, etc.) is also a type of
design deficiency. Materials can exhibit anisotropy, or variability in properties within a product, such as between the thick
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Design DeficienciesRoot causes of failures that stem from design deficiencies refer to unacceptable features of a product or system that are aresult of the design process. This process encompasses the original concept development, the general configurationdefinition, and the detail design, including selection and specification of materials and manufacturing processes. Designinvolves identifying and defining a need for the product or system, followed by definition of the performancerequirements, anticipated service conditions in the application(s), the constraints on the design, and the criticality or risksassociated with failure (Ref 31). Discussion of the design process as it relates to failure analysis and prevention isprovided in the article “Design Review for Failure Analysis and Prevention” in this Section.Some examples of design deficiencies include unintended stress raisers due to excessively sharp notches (Ref 32) (e.g., inkeyways on shafts) or insufficient radii (e.g., on shafts at bearing journals). Other examples include unanticipated residualstresses associated with heat treating configurations designed with complex geometries, or assembly stresses fromconfigurations that contain unwanted interference. Inappropriate surface treatments could result in failures, such as theuse of cadmium plating on an A286 superalloy fastener, subjected to service temperatures above 315 °C (600 °F) (themelting temperature of cadmium is 320 °C, or 610 °F). Two metals specified for use in a wear application could sustaingalling if the metals are incompatible, such as sliding wear of components made from 300 series stainless steels.Selection of a material that is incapable of providing adequate mechanical properties for the application (includingstrength, fatigue resistance, fracture toughness, corrosion resistance, elevated temperature resistance, etc.) is also a type ofdesign deficiency. Materials can exhibit anisotropy, or variability in properties within a product, such as between the thick
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Desain Kekurangan
Akar menyebabkan kegagalan yang berasal dari kekurangan desain mengacu pada fitur yang tidak dapat diterima dari produk atau sistem yang merupakan
hasil dari proses desain. Proses ini meliputi pengembangan asli konsep, konfigurasi umum
definisi, dan desain detail, termasuk pemilihan dan spesifikasi material dan proses manufaktur. Desain
melibatkan mengidentifikasi dan mendefinisikan kebutuhan untuk produk atau sistem, diikuti oleh definisi kinerja
persyaratan, kondisi pelayanan diantisipasi dalam aplikasi (s), kendala pada desain, dan kekritisan atau risiko
yang terkait dengan kegagalan (Ref 31). Diskusi dari proses desain yang berhubungan dengan analisis kegagalan dan pencegahan
disediakan dalam artikel "Design Review untuk Analisis Kegagalan dan Pencegahan" dalam Bagian ini.
Takik Beberapa contoh kekurangan desain termasuk tidak diinginkan pengibar stres karena terlalu tajam (Ref 32) ( misalnya, di
keyways pada poros) atau tidak cukup jari-jari (misalnya, pada poros di jurnal bantalan). Contoh lain termasuk sisa yang tak terduga
stres yang terkait dengan konfigurasi mengobati panas dirancang dengan geometri yang kompleks, atau tekanan perakitan dari
konfigurasi yang mengandung gangguan yang tidak diinginkan. Perawatan permukaan yang tidak pantas dapat mengakibatkan kegagalan, seperti
penggunaan kadmium plating pada pengikat A286 superalloy, mengalami suhu layanan di atas 315 ° C (600 ° F) (dengan
suhu leleh kadmium adalah 320 ° C, atau 610 ° F) . Dua logam yang ditentukan untuk digunakan dalam aplikasi memakai bisa mempertahankan
menyakitkan jika logam yang tidak kompatibel, seperti keausan komponen yang terbuat dari seri 300 baja stainless geser.
Pemilihan bahan yang tidak mampu memberikan sifat mekanik yang memadai untuk aplikasi (termasuk
kekuatan, ketahanan lelah, ketangguhan patah, ketahanan korosi, ketahanan suhu tinggi, dll) juga merupakan jenis
kekurangan desain. Bahan dapat menunjukkan anisotropi, atau variabilitas sifat dalam suatu produk, seperti antara tebal
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