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This sense of European cultural commonality in comparison to the rest of the worldwas by the early nineteenth century a subtle and yet significant force in bindingEuropeans together. Again, what was not European was easiest to state succinctly. TheTurks, to cite a particularly revealing example, were not considered European. True,their empire extended into part of the European landmass, and for many years Europeanpeoples were subjected to their rule. Istanbul, the Turks’ capital city, is as close to Romeas Warsaw is. Moreover, the Turks’ capital city was once called Constantinople, aChristian capital rivaling Rome. The Turkish example is further revealing in that thepeoples of Asia Minor, the Turkish heartland, resemble Europeans physically (or“racially”); even further, the Anatolian Peninsula (another word for Asia Minor) protrudesinto Europe and is surrounded by European bodies of water (the MediterraneanSea to its south and the Black Sea to its north). Still, the Turks were not consideredEuropeans because they lived under an “Oriental” despotism, in Asia Minor (the termitself of course marked a difference from Europe), and did not enjoy European liberties.
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