7. Salinity EstimatesSalinities may be determined by two methods:a. fr translation - 7. Salinity EstimatesSalinities may be determined by two methods:a. fr Indonesian how to say

7. Salinity EstimatesSalinities may

7. Salinity Estimates
Salinities may be determined by two methods:
a. freezing point depression measurement
b. Daughter crystal dissolution temperature
The basic assumption on which the freezing point deression method is based is that the dissolved ionic concentration of a fluid causes a systematic depression of the freezing point. What is actually given is " last ice melting point " on warning, since this avoids problems with meatstability and eutectics. THe freezing point depression can be related to the molal concentration of solutes. It is assumed to be a NaCl solution. THis is a reasonable assumption for epithermal fluids, which have low salinity but is less reliable for basinal or VHMS deposits which can contain hypersaline brines. Multivalent ions can also affect this asumption.
The presence of a high proportion of CO2 is also important but this will usually be revealed by devergent homogenisation temperatures , vapur rich inclusions , low first ice melting point , or elevated rather than depressed last ice melting point due to the formation of clathrates. The effect of CO2 in high concentrations is to make fluids appear more saline than they actually are. Once again , trends in salinity are more important than the individual measurement. Plotting salinity against homogenisation temperature can reveal dilution , boling , or cooling trends. Freezing points are physically more difficult to observe tha homogenistaion temperatures. We nee larger , clearer inclusions. So usually we get less freezing point measurements for each set of samples. The measurements are also more time consuming therefore more expensive.
The second method is only applicable to incusions that contain daughter crystals and is based on solublity data of various minerals in water. The daughter crystal is heated until it dissolves in the fluid. Generally , the method is only used only where halite, or more rarely where halite and or sylvite are present. THese two minerals are the commonest daughter crystals present , and most readily indetifiable . in a simple NaCl-H2O system , halite will be present as a daughter crystal at room temperature when the fluid has a salinity of 26.3 wt. % NaCl or greater. In more Complex systems the compositions of the whole system may need to be determined or estimated by freezing point measurement before an accurate salinity can calculated.
8. Other techniques
Other techniques , with the exception of laser - raman spectrometry , are all more or less destructive (e.g. crushing , plasma ablation , aimed at analysing the fluids within inclusions , for example by mass spectrometer or gas chromatography. THere are several different methods available. These may have some applicability , but the expense and difficulties in interpretation mean they are not generally applied to mineral exploration.
9. Preferred procedures
There is some value in doing a few measurements early on to assist with setting the geological scene in a new deposits , but fluid inclusions are most valuable when a good suite of samples for fluid inclusion analysis on the basis of petrography. It is important to understand what is being measured. But realise that usually only vein material will be suitable : even highly silicified replaced host rocks have very few measurable fluis inclusions.
From the selected sample we cut thich sections. These need a high polish , which is tie consuming , although we can use the same samples for mineragraphy. There are four stages of work :
a.Examine and locate inclusions.
b.Measure homogenisation temperatures , and dissolution temperatures if applicable.
c. Measure freezing points.
d. Interpret.
The number of measurements maed should be related to the purpose. It isimportant to look out for systematic trends during measurements , e.g. bimodal distribution , correlation with size , chages with time.
For presentation , if there are sufficient measurements , histograms are useful. Ideally the results should be plotted on an enthalphy salinity diagram , since mixing , boiling and cooling relationships plot as straight line. THis is not usually done because the amount of data is insufficient. A homogenisation or freezing point plot is an approximation to this , and not a bad first step , but it is difficult to know what to do with points where no salinity measurements are available. If the data are from samples with s sufficiently larege vertical range ( e.g. from a drillhole ) , it useful to plot on a vertical scale superimposing a boling point for depth curve.
In interpretation , it is important to remember the objectives : try to understand the trends with space and time in terms of physical processes , and then relate these to episodes and processes of mineralisation and make useful prediction
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7. Salinity EstimatesSalinities may be determined by two methods:a. freezing point depression measurementb. Daughter crystal dissolution temperatureThe basic assumption on which the freezing point deression method is based is that the dissolved ionic concentration of a fluid causes a systematic depression of the freezing point. What is actually given is " last ice melting point " on warning, since this avoids problems with meatstability and eutectics. THe freezing point depression can be related to the molal concentration of solutes. It is assumed to be a NaCl solution. THis is a reasonable assumption for epithermal fluids, which have low salinity but is less reliable for basinal or VHMS deposits which can contain hypersaline brines. Multivalent ions can also affect this asumption.The presence of a high proportion of CO2 is also important but this will usually be revealed by devergent homogenisation temperatures , vapur rich inclusions , low first ice melting point , or elevated rather than depressed last ice melting point due to the formation of clathrates. The effect of CO2 in high concentrations is to make fluids appear more saline than they actually are. Once again , trends in salinity are more important than the individual measurement. Plotting salinity against homogenisation temperature can reveal dilution , boling , or cooling trends. Freezing points are physically more difficult to observe tha homogenistaion temperatures. We nee larger , clearer inclusions. So usually we get less freezing point measurements for each set of samples. The measurements are also more time consuming therefore more expensive.The second method is only applicable to incusions that contain daughter crystals and is based on solublity data of various minerals in water. The daughter crystal is heated until it dissolves in the fluid. Generally , the method is only used only where halite, or more rarely where halite and or sylvite are present. THese two minerals are the commonest daughter crystals present , and most readily indetifiable . in a simple NaCl-H2O system , halite will be present as a daughter crystal at room temperature when the fluid has a salinity of 26.3 wt. % NaCl or greater. In more Complex systems the compositions of the whole system may need to be determined or estimated by freezing point measurement before an accurate salinity can calculated.8. Other techniquesOther techniques , with the exception of laser - raman spectrometry , are all more or less destructive (e.g. crushing , plasma ablation , aimed at analysing the fluids within inclusions , for example by mass spectrometer or gas chromatography. THere are several different methods available. These may have some applicability , but the expense and difficulties in interpretation mean they are not generally applied to mineral exploration.9. Preferred proceduresThere is some value in doing a few measurements early on to assist with setting the geological scene in a new deposits , but fluid inclusions are most valuable when a good suite of samples for fluid inclusion analysis on the basis of petrography. It is important to understand what is being measured. But realise that usually only vein material will be suitable : even highly silicified replaced host rocks have very few measurable fluis inclusions.From the selected sample we cut thich sections. These need a high polish , which is tie consuming , although we can use the same samples for mineragraphy. There are four stages of work :a.Examine and locate inclusions.b.Measure homogenisation temperatures , and dissolution temperatures if applicable.c. Measure freezing points.d. Interpret.The number of measurements maed should be related to the purpose. It isimportant to look out for systematic trends during measurements , e.g. bimodal distribution , correlation with size , chages with time.For presentation , if there are sufficient measurements , histograms are useful. Ideally the results should be plotted on an enthalphy salinity diagram , since mixing , boiling and cooling relationships plot as straight line. THis is not usually done because the amount of data is insufficient. A homogenisation or freezing point plot is an approximation to this , and not a bad first step , but it is difficult to know what to do with points where no salinity measurements are available. If the data are from samples with s sufficiently larege vertical range ( e.g. from a drillhole ) , it useful to plot on a vertical scale superimposing a boling point for depth curve.In interpretation , it is important to remember the objectives : try to understand the trends with space and time in terms of physical processes , and then relate these to episodes and processes of mineralisation and make useful prediction
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7. Perkiraan Salinitas
Salinitas dapat ditentukan dengan dua metode:
a. titik beku pengukuran depresi
b. Suhu putri kristal pembubaran
Asumsi dasar yang metode titik deression beku didasarkan adalah bahwa konsentrasi ion terlarut dari cairan menyebabkan depresi sistematis titik beku. Apa yang sebenarnya yang diberikan adalah "titik leleh es terakhir" pada peringatan, karena ini menghindari masalah dengan meatstability dan eutectics. THe beku titik depresi dapat berhubungan dengan konsentrasi molal zat terlarut. Diasumsikan untuk menjadi solusi NaCl. Ini adalah asumsi yang wajar untuk cairan epitermal, yang memiliki salinitas rendah tetapi kurang dapat diandalkan untuk basinal atau deposito VHMS yang dapat berisi air asin hypersaline. Ion multivalent juga dapat mempengaruhi asumsi ini.
Kehadiran proporsi tinggi CO2 juga penting tetapi ini biasanya akan diungkapkan oleh suhu homogenisasi devergent, vapur inklusi kaya, rendah pertama titik es mencair, atau meningkat daripada tertekan es terakhir titik leleh karena pembentukan klatrat. Pengaruh CO2 dalam konsentrasi tinggi adalah untuk membuat cairan tampil lebih garam daripada yang sebenarnya. Sekali lagi, tren salinitas yang lebih penting daripada pengukuran individu. Merencanakan salinitas terhadap suhu homogenisasi dapat mengungkapkan pengenceran, boling, atau tren pendinginan. Poin pembekuan secara fisik lebih sulit untuk mengamati tha suhu homogenistaion. Kami nee lebih besar, inklusi jelas. Jadi biasanya kita mendapatkan kurang pengukuran titik beku untuk setiap set sampel. Pengukuran juga lebih memakan waktu karena itu lebih mahal.
Metode kedua adalah hanya berlaku untuk incusions yang mengandung kristal putri dan didasarkan pada data solublity dari berbagai mineral dalam air. Putri kristal dipanaskan sampai larut dalam cairan. Umumnya, metode ini hanya digunakan hanya apabila garam karang, atau lebih jarang di mana garam karang dan atau silvit yang hadir. Kedua mineral adalah kristal putri umum ini, dan paling mudah indetifiable. dalam sistem NaCl-H2O sederhana, garam karang akan hadir sebagai kristal putri pada suhu kamar ketika cairan memiliki salinitas 26,3 wt. % NaCl atau lebih besar. Dalam sistem yang lebih kompleks komposisi seluruh sistem mungkin perlu ditentukan atau diperkirakan dengan membekukan titik pengukuran sebelum salinitas bisa akurat dihitung.
8. Teknik lain
teknik lain, dengan pengecualian laser -. Spektrometri raman, semua lebih atau kurang merusak (misalnya menghancurkan, ablasi plasma, bertujuan untuk menganalisis cairan dalam inklusi, misalnya dengan spektrometer massa atau kromatografi gas ada beberapa metode yang berbeda yang tersedia . ini mungkin memiliki beberapa penerapan, tetapi beban dan kesulitan dalam interpretasi berarti mereka umumnya tidak diterapkan untuk eksplorasi mineral.
9. prosedur Preferred
Ada beberapa nilai dalam melakukan beberapa pengukuran awal untuk membantu dengan pengaturan adegan geologi dalam deposito baru , tapi inklusi fluida yang paling berharga ketika suite baik sampel untuk analisis inklusi fluida atas dasar petrografi Hal ini penting untuk memahami apa yang diukur Tapi menyadari bahwa biasanya hanya materi vena akan cocok:.. bahkan sangat silisifikasi batuan host diganti memiliki sangat sedikit inklusi fluis terukur.
Dari sampel yang dipilih kita memotong bagian Thich. ini perlu cat tinggi, yang mengikat mengkonsumsi, meskipun kita dapat menggunakan sampel yang sama untuk mineragrafi. Ada empat tahapan kerja:
a.Examine dan menemukan inklusi.
B.Measure suhu homogenisasi, dan suhu pembubaran jika berlaku.
C. Mengukur poin titik beku.
D. Menafsirkan.
Jumlah pengukuran MAED harus berkaitan dengan tujuan. Hal isimportant untuk melihat keluar untuk tren sistematis selama pengukuran, misalnya distribusi bimodal, korelasi dengan ukuran, chages dengan waktu.
Untuk presentasi, jika ada pengukuran yang cukup, histogram berguna. Idealnya hasil harus diplot pada diagram salinitas enthalpy, karena pencampuran, mendidih dan pendinginan hubungan petak sebagai garis lurus. Hal ini biasanya tidak dilakukan karena jumlah data tidak mencukupi. Sebuah homogenisasi atau pembekuan titik plot adalah sebuah pendekatan untuk ini, dan tidak langkah pertama yang buruk, tetapi sulit untuk mengetahui apa yang harus dilakukan dengan titik di mana tidak ada pengukuran salinitas yang tersedia. . Jika data dari sampel dengan s cukup rentang vertikal larege (misalnya dari drillhole a), berguna untuk merencanakan pada skala vertikal melapiskan titik boling untuk kurva kedalaman
Dalam interpretasi, penting untuk diingat tujuan: mencoba untuk memahami tren dengan ruang dan waktu dalam hal proses fisik, dan kemudian berhubungan ini untuk episode dan proses mineralisasi dan membuat prediksi yang berguna
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