Achiwa et al. (2001) reported the effects of GTE on the
quality of dough. It was shown that the amount of thiol
(SH) groups in dough increased significantly with the
addition of GTE. The gluten network is developed into a
cross-linking structure by sulfhydryl-disulphide exchange
reaction. Hence, with an increase in the amount of SH
there would be a concurrent decrease in the amount of SS,
resulting in a weaker protein network. Furthermore,
rheological results from the same study showed that
the R/E ratio of the dough was greatly decreased by the
addition of GTE. However for hard wheat flour, the
addition of GTE resulted in a significant improvement to
the dough handling properties.