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Production, Input Demand and Factor MarketsProduction relationships by activities are characterized by nested Constant Elasticity ofSubstitution (CES) production functions. Activity output is a CES composite of aggregateintermediate inputs and aggregate value added, while aggregate intermediate inputs are aLeontief aggregate of the individual intermediate commodity inputs and aggregate valueadded is a CES composite of primary factors demanded by each activity. Thedetermination of product supply and input demand is based on the assumption of profitmaximizing behaviour.Factor markets in developed countries are characterized by inelastic factor supplies andthe model solves for market-clearing factor prices. In developing regions, however, weassume that the real wage of skilled and unskilled labour is fixed in terms of the domesticconsumer price index and that the supply of skilled and unskilled labour is infinitelyelastic at that wage. In this specification, any shock that would otherwise reduce theequilibrium wage will instead lead to increased unemployment.While skilled and unskilled labour is mobile across activities, land and natural resourcesare activity-specific under the activity aggregation used in the present study. Given theshort-run perspective of the present study, physical capital is likewise treated as sectorspecificin the simulations reported below.Final Domestic Demand by CommodityThe commodity composition of government consumption demand and investmentdemand is fixed, with demand patterns from the benchmark data set. Households areutility maximizers who respond to changes in relative prices and incomes. In this versionof the model, the utility functions for private households take the Stone-Geary form andhence consumer demand by commodity is described by a Linear Expenditure System(LES) specification.Macro ClosureFor this exercise a ―neutral or ―balanced set of macro closure rules is specified. Currentaccount balances for all regions are assumed to be fixed at initial benchmark levels interms of the global numeraire and real exchange rates adjust to maintain external
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