Control stage
Much of classic management theory identifies managers as
planners and controllers.13 15 37 Senior executives are commonly
viewed as the architects of the organization who set
strategy and communicate the vision while middle managers
and supervisors assign roles and tasks and measure and
reward performance.15 HROs such as nuclear power plants
and aircraft carriers exhibit many strong control characteristics
in lengthy procedure manuals, strict rules, extensive
training, and strong hierarchy. In an effort to suppress the
variability and inefficiency of local innovation, it is natural to