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The Greek Literature and Art of a New Age Even as knowledge of the Greek language was becoming more common throughout the Hellenistic world, literature in Greek was beginningto reflect the new conditions of life. At Athens, for one, gone with the city state's freedom from outside interference was the focus on contemporary affairs and the fierce attacks on political leaders that had characterized the comedies of the fifth-century B.C. Instead, comic dramatists like Menander (c. 342-289 B.c.)and Philemon (c. 360-263 B.c.)now presented timeless plots concerning the trials and tribulations of fictional lovers, in works not unlike modern soap operas.These comedies of manners proved so popular that they were closely imitated in later times by Roman writers of comedy.Poets such as Theocritus from Syracuse in Sicily (born c. 300 B.c.)and Callimachus from Cyrene in North Africa (c. 305-240 B.c.), both of whom came to Alexandria to be supported by the patronage of the Ptolemies, made individual emotions a central theme in their work.Their poetry broke new ground in demanding great intellectual effort as well as emotional engagement from the audience. Only the erudite could fully appreciate the allusions and complex references to mythology that these poets employedin their elegant poems, which were quite short, unlike Homeric epics.Theocritus was the first Greek poet to express the cleavage between the town and the countryside, a poetic stance corresponding to a growing reality
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