Mucus hypersecretion is present early in the course of the diseaseand  translation - Mucus hypersecretion is present early in the course of the diseaseand  Indonesian how to say

Mucus hypersecretion is present ear

Mucus hypersecretion is present early in the course of the disease
and is associated with an increased number and size of mucusproducing
cells. The presence of chronic inflammation perpetuates
the process, although the resulting airflow obstruction and chronic
airflow limitation may be reversible or irreversible. The various
causes of airflow obstruction are summarized in Table 34–3 .
Recently, there has been interest in the role of thoracic overinflation
as it relates to the pathophysiology of COPD. Chronic airflow
obstruction leads to air trapping, which results in thoracic hyperinflation
that can be detected on chest radiograph. This problem
results in several dynamic changes in the chest, including flattening
of diaphragmatic muscles. Under normal circumstances,
the diaphragms are dome-shaped muscles tethered at the base of
the lungs. When the diaphragm contracts, the muscle becomes
shorter and flatter, which creates the negative inspiratory force
through which air flows into the lung during inspiration. In the
presence of thoracic hyperinflation, the diaphragmatic muscle is
placed at a disadvantage and is a less efficient muscle of ventilation.
The increased work required by diaphragmatic contractions
predisposes the patient to muscle fatigue, especially during periods
of exacerbations.
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Lendir hypersecretion ada awal dalam penyakitdan dikaitkan dengan peningkatan jumlah dan ukuran mucusproducingsel. Kehadiran peradangan kronis mengabadikanproses, meskipun penyumbatan aliran udara yang dihasilkan dan kronispembatasan aliran udara mungkin reversibel atau ireversibel. Berbagaipenyebab penyumbatan aliran udara diringkas dalam tabel 34-3.Baru-baru ini telah ada minat dalam peran toraks overinflationyang berhubungan dengan patofisiologi PPOK. Aliran udara kronisobstruksi mengarah ke udara menjebak, yang menyebabkan hiperinflasi toraksyang dapat dideteksi di atas radiograf dada. Masalah inihasil dalam beberapa perubahan dinamis dalam dada, termasuk meratakanotot-otot diafragma. Dalam keadaan normal,diafragma adalah berbentuk kubah otot-otot yang ditambatkan di dasarparu-paru. Ketika kontrak diafragma, otot menjadipendek dan datar, yang menciptakan kekuatan inspirasi negatifmelalui air yang mengalir ke dalam paru-paru selama inspirasi. Dalamkehadiran toraks hiperinflasi, otot diafragma adalahditempatkan pada kerugian dan otot kurang efisien dari ventilasi.Peningkatan pekerjaan yang diperlukan oleh diafragma kontraksipredisposes pasien untuk kelelahan otot, khususnya selama periodedari yang mengalami eksaserbasi.
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