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Conceptualisations ของ 'อื่นๆ' และ rationalisations ความยากจนEven if the tangible benefits of volunteer tourism are dubious, the sector is often defended for its less definable benefits: the personal growth that volunteers may experi- ence and the intercultural interaction between volunteers and hosts that can lead to greater understanding and compassion for others. For example, Wearing (2001) states, ‘The most important development that may occur in the volunteer tourist experience is that of a per- sonal nature, that of a greater awareness of self’ (p. 2); McGehee and Santos (2005) argue that volunteer tourism organisations ‘provide opportunities to encourage or intensify social movement participation and activism support, either through the establishment of network ties or via various consciousness-raising experiences’ (p. 761); and McIntosh and Zahra (2008) claim, ‘With volunteer tourism, more intense rather than superficial social interaction can occur; a new narrative between host and guest is created, a narrative that is engaging, genuine, creative and mutually beneficial’ (p. 179). Similar attitudes are also promoted from within the volunteer tourism sector. For instance, the founder of a non-profit organisation that helps volunteer tourists find projects is quoted in a Condé Nast article stating, ‘An important part of what comes out of voluntourism is social capital: It breaks down stereotypes. For the tra- veler, it can help you retool and rethink your life philosophy, and the local people end up with a different image of foreigners’ (Elliot, 2008). Similarly, the director of the Kenyan vol- unteer tourism project Lepp (2008) researched states, ‘The purpose of [volunteer tourism] is to get a lot out of the experience and really to just benefit from it. I mean, it isn’t all about seeing
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