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there are three ways of defining long workhours:1. hours exceeding the normal statutory hours: this highlights the fact that the normalstatutory hours determine a socially acceptable level of working time;2. hours exceeding the maximum hours of work beyond which negative consequences onworkers are known to be visible: the effects on health and safety are crucial;3. hours exceeding those which workers prefer to work.As article 16 of the ILO Reduction of Hours of Work Recommendation (1962) states, overtime meansall hours worked in excess of normal hours (Spurgeon, 2003). Thus, in this research, we will followthe ILO definition that overtime means work hours exceeding the normal statuary hours whichdetermine a socially acceptable level, meaning generally more than 48 hours per week.2.3 WHAT IS EXCESSIVE OVERTIME?The term ‘excessive overtime’ identifies not only the hours exceeding those maximum hours definedby national statutory regulations on working time or relevant international standards, but also thehours of work that have negative consequences on workers - the second definition of overtime (seeabove). The issue of workers being exposed to potential health and safety risks relating to longworking hours is the key point that separates ‘excessive overtime’ from ‘overtime’.The European Union (EU) Working Time Directive (1993) states that the improvement of workers’safety, hygiene and health at work is an objective which should not be subordinated to purelyeconomic considerations. Although the risks vary depending on how the hours are organized, thenature of the work, and the characteristics of individuals, there is strong evidence that working mo
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