At the start of this book, we defined an investment as a commitment of translation - At the start of this book, we defined an investment as a commitment of Indonesian how to say

At the start of this book, we defin

At the start of this book, we defined an investment as a commitment of funds for a period of time to derive a rate of return that would compensate the investor for the time during which the funds are invested, for the expected rate of inflation during the
investment horizon, and for the uncertainty involved. From this definition, we know that the first step in making an investment is determining your required rate of return.

Once you have determined this rate, some investment alternatives, such as savings accounts and T-bills, are fairly easy to evaluate because they provide stated cash flows. Most investments have expected cash flows and a stated market price (e.g., common stock), and you must estimate a value for the investment to determine if its current market price is consistent with your estimated intrinsic value. You must estimate the intrinsic value of the security based on its expected cash flows and your required rate of return. After you have completed estimating a security’s intrinsic value, you compare this estimated intrinsic value to the prevailing market price to decide whether or not you want to buy the security.

This investment decision process is similar to the process you follow when deciding on a corporate investment or when shopping for clothes, a stereo, or a car. In each case, you examine the item and decide how much it is worth to you (its value). If the price equals its estimated value or is less, you would buy it. The same technique applies to securities, except that the determination of a security’s value is more formal.

We start our investigation of security valuation by discussing the valuation process. There are two general approaches to the valuation process: (1) the topdown, three-step approach, or (2) the bottom-up, stock valuation, stockpicking approach. Both of these approaches can be implemented by either fundamentalists or technicians. The difference between the two approaches is the perceived importance of the economy and a firm’s industry on the valuation of a firm and its stock.

Advocates of the top-down, three-step approach believe that both the economy/ market and the industry effect have a significant impact on the total returns for individual stocks. In contrast, those who employ the bottom-up, stockpicking approach contend that it is possible to find stocks that are undervalued relative to their market price, and these stocks will provide superior returns regardless of the market and industry outlook.

Both of these approaches have numerous supporters, and advocates of both approaches have been quite successful.1 In this book, we advocate and present the topdown, three-step approach because of its logic and empirical support. Although we believe that a portfolio manager or an investor can be successful using the bottomup approach, we believe that it is more difficult to be successful because these stockpickers are ignoring substantial information from an analysis of the outlook for the market and the firm’s industry.

Although we know that the value of a security is determined by its quality and profit potential, we also believe that the economic environment and the performance of a firm’s industry influence the value of a security and its rate of return. Therefore,we describe these influences and explain how they can be incorporated into the analysis of a security’s value. Subsequently, we describe the theory of value and emphasize the factors that affect the value of individual securities.

Next, we apply these valuation concepts to the valuation of different assets—bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. In this section, we show how the valuation models help investors calculate how much they should pay for these assets. In the final section, we emphasize the estimation of the variables that affect value (the required rate of return and the expected growth rate of cash flows). We conclude with a discussion of additional factors that must be considered when evaluating international securities.
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At the start of this book, we defined an investment as a commitment of funds for a period of time to derive a rate of return that would compensate the investor for the time during which the funds are invested, for the expected rate of inflation during theinvestment horizon, and for the uncertainty involved. From this definition, we know that the first step in making an investment is determining your required rate of return.Once you have determined this rate, some investment alternatives, such as savings accounts and T-bills, are fairly easy to evaluate because they provide stated cash flows. Most investments have expected cash flows and a stated market price (e.g., common stock), and you must estimate a value for the investment to determine if its current market price is consistent with your estimated intrinsic value. You must estimate the intrinsic value of the security based on its expected cash flows and your required rate of return. After you have completed estimating a security’s intrinsic value, you compare this estimated intrinsic value to the prevailing market price to decide whether or not you want to buy the security.This investment decision process is similar to the process you follow when deciding on a corporate investment or when shopping for clothes, a stereo, or a car. In each case, you examine the item and decide how much it is worth to you (its value). If the price equals its estimated value or is less, you would buy it. The same technique applies to securities, except that the determination of a security’s value is more formal.We start our investigation of security valuation by discussing the valuation process. There are two general approaches to the valuation process: (1) the topdown, three-step approach, or (2) the bottom-up, stock valuation, stockpicking approach. Both of these approaches can be implemented by either fundamentalists or technicians. The difference between the two approaches is the perceived importance of the economy and a firm’s industry on the valuation of a firm and its stock.Advocates of the top-down, three-step approach believe that both the economy/ market and the industry effect have a significant impact on the total returns for individual stocks. In contrast, those who employ the bottom-up, stockpicking approach contend that it is possible to find stocks that are undervalued relative to their market price, and these stocks will provide superior returns regardless of the market and industry outlook.Both of these approaches have numerous supporters, and advocates of both approaches have been quite successful.1 In this book, we advocate and present the topdown, three-step approach because of its logic and empirical support. Although we believe that a portfolio manager or an investor can be successful using the bottomup approach, we believe that it is more difficult to be successful because these stockpickers are ignoring substantial information from an analysis of the outlook for the market and the firm’s industry.Although we know that the value of a security is determined by its quality and profit potential, we also believe that the economic environment and the performance of a firm’s industry influence the value of a security and its rate of return. Therefore,we describe these influences and explain how they can be incorporated into the analysis of a security’s value. Subsequently, we describe the theory of value and emphasize the factors that affect the value of individual securities.Next, we apply these valuation concepts to the valuation of different assets—bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. In this section, we show how the valuation models help investors calculate how much they should pay for these assets. In the final section, we emphasize the estimation of the variables that affect value (the required rate of return and the expected growth rate of cash flows). We conclude with a discussion of additional factors that must be considered when evaluating international securities.
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Pada awal buku ini, kita mendefinisikan investasi sebagai komitmen dana untuk jangka waktu untuk memperoleh tingkat pengembalian yang akan mengkompensasi investor untuk waktu selama dana diinvestasikan, untuk tingkat yang diharapkan inflasi selama
horizon investasi, dan untuk ketidakpastian yang terlibat. Dari definisi ini, kita tahu bahwa langkah pertama dalam membuat investasi adalah menentukan tingkat diperlukan Anda pengembalian.

Begitu Anda telah menentukan tingkat ini, beberapa alternatif investasi, seperti tabungan dan T-bills, cukup mudah untuk mengevaluasi karena mereka memberikan arus kas dinyatakan. Sebagian besar investasi diharapkan arus kas dan harga pasar yang dinyatakan (misalnya, saham biasa), dan Anda harus memperkirakan nilai investasi untuk menentukan apakah harga pasar saat ini konsisten dengan nilai intrinsik perkiraan. Anda harus memperkirakan nilai intrinsik dari keamanan berdasarkan arus kas yang diharapkan dan tingkat diperlukan Anda pengembalian. Setelah Anda menyelesaikan memperkirakan nilai intrinsik sekuritas, Anda membandingkan nilai ini diperkirakan intrinsik dengan harga pasar yang berlaku untuk memutuskan apakah Anda ingin membeli keamanan.

Proses keputusan investasi ini mirip dengan proses yang Anda ikuti ketika memutuskan pada investasi perusahaan atau ketika berbelanja pakaian, stereo, atau mobil. Dalam setiap kasus, Anda memeriksa item dan memutuskan berapa banyak itu layak untuk Anda (nilainya). Jika harga sama dengan nilai estimasi atau kurang, Anda akan membelinya. Teknik yang sama berlaku untuk sekuritas, kecuali bahwa penentuan nilai keamanan adalah lebih formal.

Kita mulai penyelidikan valuasi keamanan dengan membahas proses penilaian. Ada dua pendekatan umum untuk proses penilaian: (1) topdown, pendekatan tiga langkah, atau (2) bottom-up, valuasi saham, pendekatan stockpicking. Kedua pendekatan ini dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik fundamentalis atau teknisi. Perbedaan antara dua pendekatan adalah pentingnya dirasakan ekonomi dan industri perusahaan pada valuasi perusahaan dan sahamnya.

Para pendukung yang top-down, pendekatan tiga langkah percaya bahwa baik ekonomi / pasar dan efek industri memiliki dampak yang signifikan terhadap total return untuk saham individu. Sebaliknya, mereka yang mempekerjakan bottom-up, pendekatan stockpicking berpendapat bahwa adalah mungkin untuk menemukan saham yang undervalued relatif terhadap harga pasar mereka, dan saham ini akan memberikan hasil yang superior terlepas dari pasar dan industri outlook.

Kedua pendekatan ini memiliki banyak pendukung, dan para pendukung kedua pendekatan telah cukup successful.1 dalam buku ini, kita menganjurkan dan menyajikan topdown, pendekatan tiga langkah karena logika dan dukungan empiris. Meskipun kami percaya bahwa seorang manajer portofolio atau investor bisa sukses menggunakan pendekatan bottomup, kami percaya bahwa itu lebih sulit untuk berhasil karena stockpickers ini mengabaikan informasi penting dari analisis prospek pasar dan industri perusahaan.

Meskipun kita tahu bahwa nilai keamanan ditentukan oleh kualitas dan potensi keuntungan, kami juga percaya bahwa lingkungan ekonomi dan kinerja industri suatu perusahaan mempengaruhi nilai keamanan dan laju pengembalian. Oleh karena itu, kami menjelaskan pengaruh ini dan menjelaskan bagaimana mereka dapat dimasukkan ke dalam analisis nilai suatu sekuritas. Selanjutnya, kami menjelaskan teori nilai dan menekankan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai sekuritas individual.

Selanjutnya, kita menerapkan konsep penilaian ini untuk penilaian yang berbeda aset-obligasi, saham preferen, dan saham biasa. Pada bagian ini, kita menunjukkan bagaimana model penilaian membantu investor menghitung berapa banyak mereka harus membayar untuk aset tersebut. Pada bagian akhir, kami menekankan estimasi variabel yang mempengaruhi nilai (tingkat yang diperlukan pengembalian dan tingkat pertumbuhan yang diharapkan arus kas). Kami menyimpulkan dengan diskusi tentang faktor-faktor tambahan yang harus dipertimbangkan ketika mengevaluasi sekuritas internasional.
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