The above data suggest that much of the revenues from cultivating these commodities accrue to small-scale farmers. Returning to the example of Indonesia, for example, a rough calculation can be made based on estimated production volumes (Government of Indonesia, 2013) and FAOSTAT-reported producer price data. Here, in 2011, the total farm-gate value to the country’s smallholders for palmoil, cocoa and coffee must have amounted tomorethantwo billion, 1.5 billion and one billion USD, respectively, based on our calculations. Data illustrating the significant revenues received by smallholders from growing tree commodities indicate the magnitude of the challenge in managing commodities sustainably in the context of the potentially deleterious ecological impacts of their production on agricultural and forest landscapes (Section 4.3).