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Many Ndebele became formidable warriors, often subjugating smaller chiefdom's and assimilating them into Ndebele society, and Ndebele clashed repeatedly with Voortrekker militias around Pretoria in South Africa. The late nineteenth-century Afrikaner leader Paul Kruger jailed or executed many of their leaders, seized their land, and dispersed others to work for Afrikaner farmers as indentured servants. Some of the land was later returned to a few Ndebele, often as a reward for loyalty or recognition of status.Under apartheid, many Ndebele living in the northern Transvaal were assigned to the predominantly seSotho-speaking homeland of Lebowa, which consisted of several segments of land scattered across the northern Transvaal. Others, mostly southern Ndebele, who had retained more traditional elements of their culture and language, were assigned to KwaNdebele.Traditional Ndebele woman ceremony KwaNdebele had been carved out of land that had been given to the son of Nyabela, a well-known Ndebele fighter in Kruger's time. Traditional Ndebele lifestyleNdebele traditionalists, who pressed for KwaNdebele independence through the 1980s, therefore, prized the homeland.Ndebele woman in traditional dressIn recent years, the population of the Ndebele in Zimbabwe has been diminishing due to the genocide that was carried out by the Zimbabwean government on the Ndebele and secondly migrating to other countries, especially South Africa in search of jobs and as after-effects of the genocide and the economic crisis that has gripped Zimbabwe since 2000
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