3.2.4. Policies for the transport sector
Transport policies focus on land transportation only. Air travel
is not included in the model due to difficulties in obtaining data
and differentiating energy use and environmental impacts within
the boundary of Bangkok, since most of the travel would be
outside the boundary.
There are no energy savings for the introduction of cleaner fuel
policies because it is assumed that cleaner fuels that replace
existing fuels have equivalent energy per liter. The introduction of
cleaner fuel scenarios, however, can decrease emissions and
improve the level of local pollutants. A modal shift from private
transport to mass transit systems results in large energy savings,
as shown in Fig. 8. Due to the assumption in the model that the
penetration rate of introduction of cleaner fuels would be low,
reductions in CO2 emissions change only a little compared to the
BAU scenario. The CO2 emission reductions only from the modal
shift scenario are shown in Fig. 9. Local emissions (SO2) are
reduced in all transport scenarios over the time horizon, but they
are greater within the modal shift policy. The remaining SO2
emissions contribute to gasohol, biodiesel, and introducing NGV