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Various physiological effects of GBR, such as blood pressureregulation, and reductions in obesity and blood cholesterol level,are summarized in Table 2. Feeding a GBR diet to hepatoma ratsincreased the levels of neutral sterols and increased fecal excretionof bile acid (Miura et al., 2006). Moreover, administering GBR tohypertensive rats did not result in increasing feed intake orefficiency but rather produced a hypotensive effect and reductionin blood triglyceride concentration (Choi, Kim, Choi, Park, & Park,2006). It was also reported that obese and non-obese rats, thatwere fed a GBR diet for 4 weeks, demonstrated noticeabledecreases in weight, blood sugar, triglycerides, and total cholesterol,as well as a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein–cholesterol(Choi, Kim, Choi, Seok, & Park, 2006). Cho, Lim,Kim, and Son (2009) studied the anti-diabetic effects of GBR usingCaco-2 cell line and reported that GBR extract decreased not onlyin vivo a-glucosidase activity but also glucose uptake by asodium-dependent pathway via glucose transporter 1. They alsofound a significant suppression of hepatocyte nuclear factor-1a(HNF-1a) and 1b (HNF-1b) genes, regulating the expression ofsodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 in small intestine.The BR contains a substantial amount of dietary fiber, composingapproximately 2% of total BR solids. Gamma-oryzanol, alipophilic fraction, would be the major substance in BR. Otherbio-functional compounds in BR include vitamin E, minerals,phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and phytic acid, which aremostly present in the bran and germ of BR. GBR contains someof these bio-functional substances at higher levels than BR, indicatingthat germination may enhance the bioactivity of BR. As aunique bio-functional substance in GBR, gamma-aminobutyric acid(GABA) is well known to be produced by germination. GBR inparticular contains the substantially higher level of GABA thanBR. Fig. 3 depicts the chemical structures of main bio-functionalsubstances in BR and GBR.
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