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In Example 5-1, we calculated residual income based on net income and a charge for the costof equity capital. Analysts will also encounter another approach to calculating residual income that yields the same results. In this second approach, which takes the perspective of all providers of capital (both debt and equity), we subtract a capital charge (the company’s total cost of capital in money terms) from the company’s after-tax operating profit. In the case of AXCI in Example 5-1, net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) is ¤140,000 (¤200,000 less 30 percenttaxes). AXCI’s after-tax weighted-average cost of capital (WACC) is 8.45 percent, computedas 50 percent (capital structure weight of equity) times the cost of equity of 12 percent plus50 percent (capital structure weight of debt) times the after-tax cost of debt, 4.9 percent .The capital charge is ¤169,000 (= 8.45% × ¤2,000,000), which is higher than its after-taxoperating profit of ¤140,000 by ¤29,000, the same figure obtained in Example 5-1. That the company is not profitable in an economic sense can also be seen by comparing the company’s WACC, 8.45 percent, with after-tax operating profits as a percent of total assets (the after-tax net operating return on total assets or capital). The after-tax net operating return on total assets is ¤140,000/¤2,000,000 = 7 percent, which is less than WACC by 1.45 percentage points.We can illustrate the impact of residual income on equity valuation using the case ofAXCI presented in Example 5-1. Assume the following:
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