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สามรูปแบบหลักของกลยุทธ์การdownsizingองค์กร ประกอบด้วย การลดจำนวนแรงงาน การออกแบบองค์กร และกลยุทธ์ระบบ How do organizations implement downsizing?Three forms of implementation strategies havebeen identified; workforce reduction, organization redesign, and systemic strategies (Farell &Mavondo, 2004). First, the workforce reductionstrategy concentrates on the reduction of theoverall number of employees, including layoffs,retrenchments, natural attritions, early retirements,hiring freezes, golden parachutes, and buyoutpackages. This strategy is commonly implementedin a reactive manner as a cost-cutting measure(Ryan & Macky, 1998), yet has shown to be rarelysuccessful. Second, the organization redesignstrategy focuses on eliminating work and includesactivities, such as abolishing functions, eliminatinghierarchical levels, redesigning tasks, andconsolidating units (Farell & Mavondo, 2004).Third, the systemic strategy assumes a moreholistic and macro view focusing on changing theorganizationís intrinsic culture and the attitudes andvalues of its employees (Luthans & Sommer,1999). Studies have shown that most firms haveresorted to workforce reduction strategiesThe Effects of DownsizingThe adoption of downsizing has profoundfinancial and human consequences. This has beencovered extensively in the literature. A closeranalysis of the effects that have manifested in thewake of downsizing presents a complex picturewith the following questions emerging:ï Is downsizing an effective strategy?ï Does downsizing lead to improved financialperformance?ï Have downsized firms been able to reap theanticipated financial improvements?Unequivocally, the overall picture of the reportedfinancial effects of downsizing is bleak. While afew firms have reported some financialimprovements, the majority of surveyed firms havebeen unable to report improved levels ofefficiency, effectiveness, productivity, andprofitability (Sahdev, 2003; Zyglidopoulos, 2003;Macky, 2004). Table 1 presents a non-exhaustiveoverview of some of the main studies carried outand their respective findings.&ซอมเมอร์ , 1999 ) มีการศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่า บริษัท ส่วนใหญ่มีการใช้กลยุทธ์การลดแรงงาน
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