On the face of it, public interest concerns of the kind described above in relation to copyright should not arise in relation to trade marks that consist of short stretches of verbal text. Although trade mark registration endows a monopoly, it is a clearly delimited one. Registration will only protect a mark if it is used in the course of trade, and only if it functions as a badge of origin. There are also a number of exceptions to such protection.53 Even so, historically the courts have raised general public interest concerns in relation to trade marks, concerns that have been used to limit the protection given to short verbal texts of the kind we are considering.