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The idea of open-architecture networking—introduced by Kahn in late 1972 shortly after arriving atDARPA—was guided by four critical ground rules:• Each distinct network had to stand on its own, and no internal changes could be required of any such network before being connected to the Internet.• Communications would be on a best-effort basis. If a packet didn’t make it to the final destination, it would quickly be retransmitted from the source.• Black boxes (later called gateways and routers) would be used to connect the networks. No infor-mation would be retained by the gateways about individual flows of packets passing through them, keeping them simple and avoiding complicated adaptation and recovery from various failure modes.• There would be no global control at the operations level
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