Antibiotics Antimicrobial DrugsOrig

Antibiotics Antimicrobial Drugs

Originally defined: A substances produced by one microorganisms that inhibits the growth of other mirco-organism.
•Chemicals used to treat microbial infections
•Antibiotics can be naturally produced, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substances
Three major sources antibiotics
1. Microorganisms
bacitracin, polymixinfrom Bacillus sp.
Streptomycin, tetracyclinfrom Streptomyces sp.
Gentamicin from Micromonosporapurpurea
Griseofulvin, some penicillin & cephalosporin from certain genera (Penicilium, Acremonium) of the family Aspergillaceae
2. Synthesis
Chloramphenicol produced by synthetic process
3. Semisynthesis
The part of the molecule produced by a fermentation process using appropriate microorganisms and the product further modified by a chemical process. Many penicilinsand chepalosporinsare produced in this way

Before antimicrobials, large number of people died from common illnesses
•Now many illnesses easily treated with antimicrobials. However, many antimicrobial drugs are becoming less useful
•Different types of antimicrobial drugs:
–Antibacterial drugs
–Antifungal drugs
–Antiprotozoan drugs
–Antihelminthic drugs

Features of Antimicrobial Drugs
•Most modern antibiotics come from species of microorganisms that live in the soil
•To commercially produce antibiotic:
1.Select strain and grow in broth
2.When maximum antibiotic concentration reached, extract from medium
3.Purify
4.Chemical alter to make it more stable

Features of Antimicrobial Drugs:
Selective Toxicity
•Cause greater harm to microorganisms than to host
•Chemotherapeutic index:lowest dose toxic to patient divided by dose typically used for therapy.

The two most common antibiotic ways (Hanlon & Hodges, 2013)

Mechanisms of action of antibiotics
1.Interfering with the bacterial cell wall and membrane
2.Interfering with folic acid synthesis and metabolism
3.Interfering with nucleic acids
4.Interfering with protein synthesis.

Antimicrobial ActionSpectrum of activity
•Bacteriostatic: inhibit growth of microorganisms
•Bactericidal: Kill microorganisms
•Antimicrobial medications vary with respect to the range of microorganisms they kill or inhibit
•Some kill only limited range : Narrow-spectrum antimicrobial
•While others kill wide range of microorganisms: Broad-spectrum antimicrobial

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Antibiotics Antimicrobial DrugsOriginally defined: A substances produced by one microorganisms that inhibits the growth of other mirco-organism.•Chemicals used to treat microbial infections•Antibiotics can be naturally produced, semi-synthetic, or synthetic substancesThree major sources antibiotics1. Microorganisms bacitracin, polymixinfrom Bacillus sp.Streptomycin, tetracyclinfrom Streptomyces sp.Gentamicin from MicromonosporapurpureaGriseofulvin, some penicillin & cephalosporin from certain genera (Penicilium, Acremonium) of the family Aspergillaceae2. SynthesisChloramphenicol produced by synthetic process3. SemisynthesisThe part of the molecule produced by a fermentation process using appropriate microorganisms and the product further modified by a chemical process. Many penicilinsand chepalosporinsare produced in this wayBefore antimicrobials, large number of people died from common illnesses•Now many illnesses easily treated with antimicrobials. However, many antimicrobial drugs are becoming less useful•Different types of antimicrobial drugs:–Antibacterial drugs–Antifungal drugs–Antiprotozoan drugs–Antihelminthic drugsFeatures of Antimicrobial Drugs•Most modern antibiotics come from species of microorganisms that live in the soil•To commercially produce antibiotic:1.Select strain and grow in broth2.When maximum antibiotic concentration reached, extract from medium3. memurnikan4. kimia mengubah untuk membuatnya lebih stabilFitur antimikroba obat:Toksisitas selektif•Cause lebih membahayakan mikroorganisme daripada untuk menjadi tuan rumahIndeks •Chemotherapeutic: terendah dosis beracun untuk pasien dibagi dengan dosis yang biasanya digunakan untuk terapi.Dua cara yang paling umum antibiotik (Hanlon & Hodges, 2013)Mekanisme aksi antibiotik1. mengganggu dinding sel bakteri dan membran2. mengganggu sintesis asam folat dan metabolisme3. campur dengan asam nukleat4. mengganggu sintesis protein.Antimikroba ActionSpectrum kegiatan•Bacteriostatic: menghambat pertumbuhan mikroorganisme •Bactericidal: membunuh mikroorganismeObat-obatan •antimicrobial bervariasi sehubungan dengan berbagai mikroorganisme mereka membunuh atau menghambat• Ada membunuh hanya terbatas jangkauan: antimikroba spektrum sempit •While lain membunuh berbagai mikroorganisme: antimikroba spektrum luas