Foresters have traditionally manage

Foresters have traditionally managed forests with silvicultural systems that prescribe stand homogeneity for optimized
tree growth. The primacy of timber as the dominant objective is giving way to broader objectives such as sustaining the
function and dynamics of ecosystems, maintaining ecosystem diversity and resilience or protecting sensitive species, while
providing for a variety of ecosystem services of value to humanity. Protection and production of more diverse forest values
demands consideration of the fine-scale variability found within forest stands and an understanding of the spatial and
temporal response of forest ecosystems to manipulation. Studies of gap dynamics have contributed significantly to our
understanding of the role of small-scale disturbance in forest ecosystems, but have been used little by foresters for predicting
ecosystem response to partial cutting. We review the gap dynamics literature paying special attention to papers that use gap
size or position as predictive variables for responses indicative of silvicultural success or maintenance of ecosystem function.
Like canopy gaps created by natural tree death or windthrow, gaps are also generated by silvicultural systems which remove
dominant trees. Results from the Date Creek silvicultural systems study in northwestern British Columbia presented here
demonstrate the utility of a gap-based approach for understanding ecosystem responses to tree cutting. We propose a
gap-based approach for study of stand response to silvicultural manipulation that: (1) aids development of cutting
prescriptions that maintain functional mature or old-growth conditions; (2) refines and extends our understanding of how
biological structures, organisms and ecosystem processes are affected by fine-scale variation within stands: and (3) leads to
development of novel silvicultural systems that meet timber production objectives without compromising ecosystem
management principles. 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Rimbawan secara tradisional telah berhasil hutan dengan sistem silvicultural yang meresepkan keseragaman berdiri untuk dioptimalkanpertumbuhan pohon. Keunggulan kayu sebagai tujuan dominan adalah memberikan cara untuk tujuan yang lebih luas seperti mempertahankanfungsi dan dinamika ekosistem, mempertahankan keanekaragaman ekosistem dan ketahanan atau melindungi spesies sensitif, sementaramenyediakan berbagai jasa ekosistem nilai kemanusiaan. Perlindungan dan produksi lebih beragam nilai hutanmenuntut pertimbangan variabilitas skala denda yang ditemukan di dalam hutan berdiri dan pemahaman tentang spasial danSementara respon ekosistem hutan untuk manipulasi. Studi tentang dinamika kesenjangan telah berkontribusi secara signifikan terhadap kamimemahami peran skala kecil gangguan dalam ekosistem hutan, tetapi telah digunakan sedikit oleh rimbawan untuk memprediksiekosistem response to pemotongan parsial. Kami meninjau literatur dinamika kesenjangan perhatian khusus terhadap karya-karya yang menggunakan kesenjanganukuran atau posisi sebagai input variabel untuk tanggapan indikasi keberhasilan silvicultural atau pemeliharaan fungsi ekosistem.Seperti kesenjangan kanopi yang dibuat oleh pohon alami kematian atau windthrow, kesenjangan juga dihasilkan oleh sistem silvicultural yang menghapuspohon dominan. Hasil dari sistem silvicultural Creek tanggal belajar di British Columbia Barat disajikan di sinimenunjukkan utilitas pendekatan berbasis gap untuk pemahaman ekosistem tanggapan untuk memotong pohon. Kami mengusulkangap-based approach for study of stand response to silvicultural manipulation that: (1) aids development of cuttingprescriptions that maintain functional mature or old-growth conditions; (2) refines and extends our understanding of howbiological structures, organisms and ecosystem processes are affected by fine-scale variation within stands: and (3) leads todevelopment of novel silvicultural systems that meet timber production objectives without compromising ecosystemmanagement principles. 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd.