Comment The important thing when formulating meaning postulates involv translation - Comment The important thing when formulating meaning postulates involv Indonesian how to say

Comment The important thing when fo

Comment The important thing when formulating meaning postulates involving twoplace
predicates is to remember that in our notation the variable x
conventionally stands in subject position and y stands in object position. In
the case of three-place predicates, we use z to indicate the third position.
Hyponymy, converseness, and selectional restrictions affecting the three-place
predicates can all be expressed using the meaning postulate notation.We will
now mention a couple of types of phenomena that cannot easily be handled
by meaning postulates.We take these problem areas in ascending order of
seriousness.
Practice The question of the time at which a predicate applies to an individual is an
important matter that we have so far neglected. Consider how it is relevant to
some sense relations.
(1) Are dead and alive binary antonyms in just the same way
as open and closed? Yes / No
(2) Can anything be dead without first having been alive? Yes / No
(3) Does This object is dead entail This object was once alive
but is no longer alive? Yes / No
UNIT 17 Meaning postulates
213
(4) Have you met in the logical notation used for meaning
postulates any way of expressing the temporal notions
contained in once and no longer? Yes / No
Feedback (1) No (See next question.) (2) No (This is how we, and most English
speakers, understand dead.) (3) Yes (4) No
Comment The factor of time is involved in a large number of other sense relations
between predicates. Any predicate whose meaning involves a change of state
(as die, buy, and sell do) will need some mention of time in its dictionary
entry.
Practice For each of the sentences below, write down a complex sentence containing
a before and an after (or equivalent) that is entailed by the first sentence.We
have done the first one for you.
(1) John arrived at my house at noon entails
John was not at my house before noon and he was at my house after noon
..........................................................................................................................
(2) The Normans conquered England in 1066 (Hint: use the verb control)
..........................................................................................................................
(3) Harry has forgotten the combination of his safe
..........................................................................................................................
(4) Etienne learned to play the piano while he was in Paris
..........................................................................................................................
Feedback (2) The Normans did not control England before 1066 and they did control it
after 1066 (3) Harry once knew the combination of his safe and does not
know it now (4) Etienne could not play the piano before he was in Paris but
he could play it after he was in Paris
Comment The need to mention time in descriptions of the senses of some predicates
could be overcome by developing a more elaborate logic with the capacity
to represent temporal relations and formulating meaning postulates within
this more elaborate logical framework.We shall not investigate this
possibility here, but move on to a problem with gradable antonymy
(Unit 11).
The problem is that gradable predicates like tall and short do not have
absolute meanings that can be conveniently summarized by meaning
postulates. The context in which tall is used also contributes to its meaning.
Tall in one context (e.g. of jockeys) means something different from tall in
another context (e.g. of basketball players).
PART FIVE Word meaning
214
What we can say is that in a single context, i.e. applied to the same
individual (e.g. Basil) with implicit comparison being made to just one
set of individuals (e.g. Europeans), tall is the antonym of short.
Practice (1) Have any of the meaning postulates formulated so far
in this and the previous units been related to the notion
of context? Yes / No
(2) Once we introduce the notion of context are we talking about
utterances or sentences? ............
(3) Could one speaker truthfully say ‘Maggie is tall’ and another
speaker simultaneously, and referring to the same Maggie,
truthfully say ‘Maggie is short’? Yes / No
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Comment The important thing when formulating meaning postulates involving twoplacepredicates is to remember that in our notation the variable xconventionally stands in subject position and y stands in object position. Inthe case of three-place predicates, we use z to indicate the third position.Hyponymy, converseness, and selectional restrictions affecting the three-placepredicates can all be expressed using the meaning postulate notation.We willnow mention a couple of types of phenomena that cannot easily be handledby meaning postulates.We take these problem areas in ascending order ofseriousness.Practice The question of the time at which a predicate applies to an individual is animportant matter that we have so far neglected. Consider how it is relevant tosome sense relations.(1) Are dead and alive binary antonyms in just the same wayas open and closed? Yes / No(2) Can anything be dead without first having been alive? Yes / No(3) Does This object is dead entail This object was once alivebut is no longer alive? Yes / NoUNIT 17 Meaning postulates213(4) Have you met in the logical notation used for meaningpostulates any way of expressing the temporal notionscontained in once and no longer? Yes / NoFeedback (1) No (See next question.) (2) No (This is how we, and most Englishspeakers, understand dead.) (3) Yes (4) NoComment The factor of time is involved in a large number of other sense relationsbetween predicates. Any predicate whose meaning involves a change of state(as die, buy, and sell do) will need some mention of time in its dictionaryentry.Practice For each of the sentences below, write down a complex sentence containinga before and an after (or equivalent) that is entailed by the first sentence.Wehave done the first one for you.(1) John arrived at my house at noon entailsJohn was not at my house before noon and he was at my house after noon..........................................................................................................................(2) The Normans conquered England in 1066 (Hint: use the verb control)..........................................................................................................................(3) Harry has forgotten the combination of his safe..........................................................................................................................(4) Etienne learned to play the piano while he was in Paris..........................................................................................................................Feedback (2) The Normans did not control England before 1066 and they did control itafter 1066 (3) Harry once knew the combination of his safe and does notknow it now (4) Etienne could not play the piano before he was in Paris buthe could play it after he was in ParisComment The need to mention time in descriptions of the senses of some predicatescould be overcome by developing a more elaborate logic with the capacityto represent temporal relations and formulating meaning postulates withinthis more elaborate logical framework.We shall not investigate thispossibility here, but move on to a problem with gradable antonymy(Unit 11).The problem is that gradable predicates like tall and short do not haveabsolute meanings that can be conveniently summarized by meaningpostulates. The context in which tall is used also contributes to its meaning.Tall in one context (e.g. of jockeys) means something different from tall inanother context (e.g. of basketball players).PART FIVE Word meaning214What we can say is that in a single context, i.e. applied to the sameindividual (e.g. Basil) with implicit comparison being made to just oneset of individuals (e.g. Europeans), tall is the antonym of short.Practice (1) Have any of the meaning postulates formulated so farin this and the previous units been related to the notionof context? Yes / No(2) Once we introduce the notion of context are we talking aboututterances or sentences? ............(3) Could one speaker truthfully say ‘Maggie is tall’ and anotherspeaker simultaneously, and referring to the same Maggie,truthfully say ‘Maggie is short’? Yes / No
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Komentar Yang penting ketika merumuskan makna mendalilkan melibatkan twoplace
predikat adalah mengingat bahwa dalam notasi kami variabel x
konvensional berdiri dalam posisi subjek dan y berdiri dalam posisi objek. Dalam
kasus tiga tempat predikat, kita menggunakan z untuk menunjukkan posisi ketiga.
Hyponymy, converseness, dan pembatasan proses pemilihan mempengaruhi tiga tempat
predikat semua dapat dinyatakan dengan menggunakan notation.We makna dalil akan
sekarang menyebutkan beberapa jenis fenomena yang tidak dapat dengan mudah ditangani
oleh berarti postulates.We mengambil area masalah ini di urutan menaik dari
keseriusan.
Praktik pertanyaan tentang waktu di mana predikat berlaku untuk individu merupakan
hal penting bahwa kita sejauh ini terabaikan. Mempertimbangkan bagaimana hal itu relevan dengan
beberapa hubungan akal.
(1) Apakah mati dan hidup antonim biner hanya dalam cara yang sama
seperti terbuka dan tertutup? Ya / Tidak
(2) Mungkinkah sesuatu yang mati tanpa pertama telah hidup? Ya / Tidak
(3) Apakah objek ini peminjaman mati Objek ini dulunya hidup
tapi tidak lagi hidup? Ya / Tidak
Arti UNIT 17 mendalilkan
213
(4) Pernahkah Anda bertemu di notasi logis digunakan untuk makna
mendalilkan cara untuk mengekspresikan gagasan duniawi
yang terkandung dalam sekali dan tidak lagi? Ya / Tidak
Feedback (1) Tidak ada (Lihat pertanyaan berikutnya.) (2) Tidak ada (ini adalah bagaimana kita, dan paling Inggris
speaker, memahami mati.) (3) ya (4) Tidak ada
Komentar Faktor waktu terlibat dalam sejumlah besar hubungan rasa lainnya
antara predikat. Setiap predikat yang maknanya melibatkan perubahan negara
(seperti mati, membeli, dan menjual lakukan) akan membutuhkan beberapa menyebutkan waktu dalam kamus
entri.
Praktek Untuk setiap kalimat di bawah ini, tuliskan kalimat kompleks yang mengandung
sebelum dan sesudah ( atau setara) yang terkandung oleh sentence.We pertama
telah dilakukan yang pertama untuk Anda.
(1) John tiba di rumah saya pada siang hari memerlukan
John tidak di rumah saya sebelum tengah hari dan ia di rumah saya setelah Normandia menaklukkan Inggris pada tahun 1066 (Petunjuk: gunakan kata kerja Harry telah melupakan kombinasi nya Etienne belajar bermain piano saat ia berada di (2) The Normandia tidak mengontrol Inggris sebelum 1066 dan mereka mengendalikannya setelah 1066 (3) Harry pernah tahu kombinasi aman dan tidak tahu sekarang (4) Etienne tidak bisa bermain piano sebelum ia berada di Paris tapi ia bisa bermain setelah ia berada di Paris Komentar kebutuhan untuk menyebutkan waktu dalam deskripsi dari indera beberapa predikat bisa diatasi dengan mengembangkan logika yang lebih rumit dengan kapasitas untuk mewakili hubungan temporal dan merumuskan makna mendalilkan dalam kerangka logis yang lebih rumit ini. Kami tidak akan menyelidiki ini kemungkinan di sini, tapi beralih ke masalah dengan antonimi gradable (unit 11). masalahnya adalah bahwa predikat gradable seperti tinggi dan pendek tidak memiliki arti mutlak yang dapat dengan mudah diringkas oleh berarti postulat. konteks di mana tinggi digunakan juga berkontribusi untuk maknanya. jangkung dalam satu konteks (misalnya joki) berarti sesuatu yang berbeda dari yang tinggi di konteks lain (misalnya dari pemain basket). BAGIAN LIMA Firman berarti 214 Apa yang dapat kita katakan adalah bahwa dalam konteks tunggal, yaitu diterapkan sama individu (misalnya Basil) dengan perbandingan implisit yang dibuat hanya satu set individu (misalnya Eropa), tinggi adalah antonim pendek. Praktek (1) Apakah ada makna postulates dirumuskan sejauh dalam hal ini dan sebelumnya unit telah terkait dengan gagasan konteks? Ya / Tidak (2) Setelah kami memperkenalkan gagasan konteks yang kita bicarakan ucapan atau kalimat? ............ (3) Bisa salah satu pembicara jujur ​​mengatakan 'Maggie adalah tinggi' dan lain speaker secara bersamaan, dan mengacu pada Maggie yang sama, jujur ​​mengatakan 'Maggie pendek'? Ya Tidak


































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