Smith’s system uses the force of socially shared norms to get up and r translation - Smith’s system uses the force of socially shared norms to get up and r Indonesian how to say

Smith’s system uses the force of so

Smith’s system uses the force of socially shared norms to get up and running but the system itself contains checks against both the risks of narrow minded parochialism and also against a flawed or arrogant ideal impartial spectator. This is necessary because, while such ethical reflection may aim for the transcendental impartiality of the ideal spectator, it can never entirely achieve this since it is, in the end, founded on the same social tribunal upon which it seeks to judge (Smith 1759, III.ii). The ideal impartial spectator is thus required to toggle between our social and ethical understandings to refine our common sense prephilosophical concepts and practices (Griswold 1999, 24), rather than providing omniscient and final judgement from on high. It is a humble creation, well aware of its own fallibilism and therefore ready to reconsider its judgements and the general moral rules it lays down for itself, in the face of any relevant new evidence, including strongly expressed or well-reasoned opposition from other people.
Smith’s moral psychology offers a framework for understanding what is at stake in adaptation – the capability to be a spectator upon oneself – and the nature of adaptive preferences - values, preferences, and aspirations which the impartial spectator would not go along with.
In the next sections I will show how this perspective can provide practical guidance for the methodology of evaluation and the remediation of adaptation.
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Smith’s system uses the force of socially shared norms to get up and running but the system itself contains checks against both the risks of narrow minded parochialism and also against a flawed or arrogant ideal impartial spectator. This is necessary because, while such ethical reflection may aim for the transcendental impartiality of the ideal spectator, it can never entirely achieve this since it is, in the end, founded on the same social tribunal upon which it seeks to judge (Smith 1759, III.ii). The ideal impartial spectator is thus required to toggle between our social and ethical understandings to refine our common sense prephilosophical concepts and practices (Griswold 1999, 24), rather than providing omniscient and final judgement from on high. It is a humble creation, well aware of its own fallibilism and therefore ready to reconsider its judgements and the general moral rules it lays down for itself, in the face of any relevant new evidence, including strongly expressed or well-reasoned opposition from other people. Smith’s moral psychology offers a framework for understanding what is at stake in adaptation – the capability to be a spectator upon oneself – and the nature of adaptive preferences - values, preferences, and aspirations which the impartial spectator would not go along with. In the next sections I will show how this perspective can provide practical guidance for the methodology of evaluation and the remediation of adaptation.
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Sistem Smith menggunakan kekuatan norma-norma bersama sosial untuk bangun dan berjalan namun sistem itu sendiri mengandung pemeriksaan terhadap kedua risiko sempit parokialisme berpikiran dan juga terhadap yang ideal penonton tentang cacat atau sombong. Hal ini diperlukan karena, sementara refleksi etika tersebut dapat bertujuan untuk ketidakberpihakan transendental dari penonton yang ideal, itu tidak pernah sepenuhnya mencapai hal ini karena itu adalah, pada akhirnya, didirikan pada pengadilan sosial yang sama di mana ia berusaha untuk menghakimi (Smith 1759, III.ii). Penonton berimbang yang ideal dengan demikian diperlukan untuk beralih antara pemahaman sosial dan etis kita untuk memperbaiki akal sehat konsep dan praktik prephilosophical kami (Griswold 1999, 24), daripada memberikan penilaian mahatahu dan akhir dari atas. Ini adalah ciptaan yang rendah hati, menyadari fallibilism sendiri dan karena itu siap untuk mempertimbangkan kembali keputusan dan aturan moral yang umum menetapkan untuk dirinya sendiri, dalam menghadapi bukti baru yang relevan, termasuk sangat diungkapkan atau baik beralasan oposisi dari orang lain .
Psikologi moral yang Smith menawarkan kerangka kerja untuk memahami apa yang dipertaruhkan dalam adaptasi - kemampuan untuk menjadi penonton pada diri sendiri - dan sifat preferensi adaptif - nilai, preferensi, dan aspirasi yang penonton berimbang tidak akan pergi bersama dengan.
Pada bagian berikutnya saya akan menunjukkan bagaimana perspektif ini dapat memberikan panduan praktis untuk metodologi evaluasi dan remediasi adaptasi.
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