Third, other provisions of the Cartagena Protocol may provide evidence translation - Third, other provisions of the Cartagena Protocol may provide evidence Indonesian how to say

Third, other provisions of the Cart

Third, other provisions of the Cartagena Protocol may provide evidence of the status of the Cartagena Protocol vis-a`-vis other international agreements. Article 2(4) of the Cartagena Protocol reads:

Nothing in this Protocol shall be interpreted as restricting the right of a Party to take action that is more protective of the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity than that called for in this Protocol, provided that such action is consistent with the objective and the provisions of this Protocol and is in accordance with that Party’s other obligations under international law.

Since, the CBD obligates parties to develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation of biodiversity, which shall include, among other things:

. a system of protected areas, such as parks or reserves, that include protective buffer zones and are to be managed to ensure conservation and sustainable use;

. measures for the recovery and rehabilitation of threatened species, including the reintroduction of species into their native range; and

. measures to facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses ( Jonathan, 2000, p. 185), and the transfer of advanced technologies to other nations.

Fourth, in the context of a conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement, the lex posterior rule cannot be consistently applied without leading to absurd results (Anthony, 2000). For instance, would the determination of which treaty is later in time focus on the date the treaty came into effect, or would it depend upon when a specific country signed or ratified that treaty? ( Joost, 2001, p. 546; Caroline, 2008, pp. 578-579) illustrates the potential problem with the application of the lex posterior (Hans, 1952, pp. 656-657; Mohamed, 2008, p. 66) rule to the potential conflict between the Protocol and the WTO in this context: Would it not be absurd to conclude that for state A, which signed the Cartagena Protocol in 1999 and subsequently acceded to the WTO, WTO rules prevail; whereas for state B, as an original (1994) WTO member, the Protocol prevails?

Fifth, the ability to interpret the rights and obligations in treaties as mutually supportive ( Jonathan, 2001, p. 502) has some practical appeal in the context of trade and the environment. However, the legitimacy of applying a mutually supportive interpretation to divergent treaties may pose a problem for Parties that are not Contracting Parties to both agreements. Treaties themselves are a product of consent between sovereign states. A state can consent through international agreement to be bound by certain international obligations and in the absence of that consent it will not be bound ( Joshua, 2005, pp. 701-702). In fact, an interpretation that the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement obligations are mutually supportive would impose on non-Parties to the Cartagena Protocol obligations that they did not negotiate during the Uruguay Round. While a mutually supportive interpretation of treaty provisions may be useful when the same Parties are Contracting Parties to multiple agreements, it is challenging to apply such a methodology when the Parties to the agreements differ.

Finally, what is the proper relationship between conflicting obligations set out in the SPS Agreement and the Cartagena Protocol? Proper interpretation of the saving clause does not answer this question. Lack of clarity in the wording of the Protocol’s saving clause, and the difficulty in applying the lex posterior rule in any consistent manner,
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Third, other provisions of the Cartagena Protocol may provide evidence of the status of the Cartagena Protocol vis-a`-vis other international agreements. Article 2(4) of the Cartagena Protocol reads:Nothing in this Protocol shall be interpreted as restricting the right of a Party to take action that is more protective of the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity than that called for in this Protocol, provided that such action is consistent with the objective and the provisions of this Protocol and is in accordance with that Party’s other obligations under international law.Since, the CBD obligates parties to develop national strategies, plans or programs for the conservation of biodiversity, which shall include, among other things:. a system of protected areas, such as parks or reserves, that include protective buffer zones and are to be managed to ensure conservation and sustainable use;. measures for the recovery and rehabilitation of threatened species, including the reintroduction of species into their native range; and. measures to facilitate access to genetic resources for environmentally sound uses ( Jonathan, 2000, p. 185), and the transfer of advanced technologies to other nations.Fourth, in the context of a conflict between the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement, the lex posterior rule cannot be consistently applied without leading to absurd results (Anthony, 2000). For instance, would the determination of which treaty is later in time focus on the date the treaty came into effect, or would it depend upon when a specific country signed or ratified that treaty? ( Joost, 2001, p. 546; Caroline, 2008, pp. 578-579) illustrates the potential problem with the application of the lex posterior (Hans, 1952, pp. 656-657; Mohamed, 2008, p. 66) rule to the potential conflict between the Protocol and the WTO in this context: Would it not be absurd to conclude that for state A, which signed the Cartagena Protocol in 1999 and subsequently acceded to the WTO, WTO rules prevail; whereas for state B, as an original (1994) WTO member, the Protocol prevails?Fifth, the ability to interpret the rights and obligations in treaties as mutually supportive ( Jonathan, 2001, p. 502) has some practical appeal in the context of trade and the environment. However, the legitimacy of applying a mutually supportive interpretation to divergent treaties may pose a problem for Parties that are not Contracting Parties to both agreements. Treaties themselves are a product of consent between sovereign states. A state can consent through international agreement to be bound by certain international obligations and in the absence of that consent it will not be bound ( Joshua, 2005, pp. 701-702). In fact, an interpretation that the Cartagena Protocol and the SPS Agreement obligations are mutually supportive would impose on non-Parties to the Cartagena Protocol obligations that they did not negotiate during the Uruguay Round. While a mutually supportive interpretation of treaty provisions may be useful when the same Parties are Contracting Parties to multiple agreements, it is challenging to apply such a methodology when the Parties to the agreements differ.Finally, what is the proper relationship between conflicting obligations set out in the SPS Agreement and the Cartagena Protocol? Proper interpretation of the saving clause does not answer this question. Lack of clarity in the wording of the Protocol’s saving clause, and the difficulty in applying the lex posterior rule in any consistent manner,
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Ketiga, ketentuan lain dari Protokol Cartagena dapat memberikan bukti status Protokol Cartagena vis-a`-vis perjanjian internasional lainnya. Pasal 2 (4) dari Protokol Cartagena berbunyi:

Tidak ada dalam Protokol ini harus ditafsirkan sebagai pembatasan hak suatu Pihak untuk mengambil tindakan yang lebih protektif terhadap konservasi dan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan keanekaragaman hayati dari yang ditetapkan dalam Protokol ini, tersedia bahwa tindakan tersebut konsisten dengan tujuan dan ketentuan Protokol ini dan sesuai dengan yang Partai kewajiban lainnya berdasarkan hukum internasional.

Sejak, CBD mewajibkan pihak untuk mengembangkan strategi nasional, rencana atau program untuk konservasi keanekaragaman hayati, yang harus mencakup , antara lain:

. sistem kawasan lindung, seperti taman atau cadangan, yang mencakup zona penyangga yang melindungi dan dapat dikelola untuk memastikan konservasi dan pemanfaatan berkelanjutan;

. langkah-langkah untuk pemulihan dan perbaikan spesies terancam, termasuk reintroduksi spesies dalam rentang asli mereka; dan

. langkah-langkah untuk memfasilitasi akses ke sumber daya genetik untuk pemanfaatannya yang berwawasan lingkungan (Jonathan, 2000, hal. 185), dan transfer teknologi canggih untuk negara-negara lain.

Keempat, dalam konteks konflik antara Protokol Cartagena dan Perjanjian SPS, lex aturan posterior tidak dapat diterapkan secara konsisten tanpa mengarah ke hasil yang absurd (Anthony, 2000). Misalnya, akan penentuan yang perjanjian ini nantinya dalam waktu fokus pada tanggal perjanjian itu mulai berlaku, atau akan tergantung pada saat negara tertentu menandatangani atau meratifikasi perjanjian itu? (Joost, 2001, hal 546;.. Caroline, 2008, hlm 578-579) menggambarkan potensi masalah dengan penerapan lex posterior (Hans, 1952, hlm 656-657;.. Mohamed, 2008, p 66) aturan dengan potensi konflik antara Protokol dan WTO dalam konteks ini: Apakah tidak lebih masuk akal untuk menyimpulkan bahwa bagi negara A, yang menandatangani Protokol Cartagena pada tahun 1999 dan kemudian menyetujui WTO, aturan WTO berlaku; sedangkan untuk negara B, sebagai (1994) anggota WTO asli, Protokol berlaku?

Kelima, kemampuan untuk menafsirkan hak dan kewajiban dalam perjanjian sebagai saling mendukung (Jonathan, 2001, hal. 502) memiliki beberapa daya tarik praktis dalam konteks perdagangan dan lingkungan. Namun, legitimasi menerapkan interpretasi yang saling mendukung untuk perjanjian yang berbeda dapat menimbulkan masalah bagi Pihak yang tidak Para Pihak untuk kedua perjanjian. Perjanjian itu sendiri adalah produk dari persetujuan antara negara-negara berdaulat. Sebuah negara dapat persetujuan melalui kesepakatan internasional untuk terikat dengan kewajiban internasional tertentu dan dengan tidak adanya bahwa izin itu tidak akan terikat (Joshua, 2005, hlm. 701-702). Bahkan, interpretasi bahwa Protokol Cartagena dan kewajiban Perjanjian SPS saling mendukung akan memaksakan pada non-Pihak kewajiban Cartagena Protocol bahwa mereka tidak bernegosiasi selama Putaran Uruguay. Sementara interpretasi yang saling mendukung ketentuan-ketentuan perjanjian mungkin berguna ketika Pihak sama Para Pihak ke beberapa perjanjian, itu menantang untuk menerapkan metodologi seperti ketika Pihak perjanjian berbeda.

Akhirnya, apa hubungan yang tepat antara kewajiban yang bertentangan ditetapkan dalam Perjanjian SPS dan Protokol Cartagena? Penafsiran yang tepat dari ayat tabungan tidak menjawab pertanyaan ini. Ketidakjelasan kata-kata dari Protokol tabungan klausa, dan kesulitan dalam menerapkan aturan lex posterior dengan cara yang konsisten,
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