Gambar 10.Ringkasan skema model plume untuk pengembangan cadangan porf translation - Gambar 10.Ringkasan skema model plume untuk pengembangan cadangan porf Indonesian how to say

Gambar 10.Ringkasan skema model plu

Gambar 10.
Ringkasan skema model plume untuk pengembangan cadangan porfiri tembaga. Profil termal di zona permukaan tergantung pada permeabilitas lokal; menjamurnya isoterm hanya terjadi jika sistem mengalami sedikit debit melalui permukaan beberapa debit aliran yang relatif tinggi. Dispersi plume ditunjukkan oleh ornamen geladak tetapi batas-batasnya dipilih secara bebas untuk menjelaskan sebuah wilayah yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar logam. Debit langsung keluar dari daerah ini dapat secara lokal menghasilkan batu sumber air panas percepatan atau epithermal vena deposit. Catatan volume kecil dari batu di mana data isotop akan menunjukkan dominasi magmatik cairan dan, sebaliknya, volume besar plume dispersi yang didominasi tergantung pada tahap akhir pembubaran dan reprecipitation utama chalcopyrite oleh serbuan air tanah. Proses mendidih bisa saja terjadi di wilayah permukaan.
A further consequence of volatile loss is an increase in the freezing point of the melt, which results in rapid solidification of residual magma, trapping the phenocrysts (the formation of which triggered the second boiling) in a fine grained groundmass, to provide the typical porphycritic texture of mineralized stocks. The name porphyry for these deposits is therefore very apt, as not only does it describe a most prominent feature, but this feature is an integral part of the genesis of the deposit.
At shallower levels, with increasing dilution, fluids generally grade into the typical ‘epithermal’ hydrothermal systems.
6. Hydrothermal Alteration and Veining
6.1 Alteration
The “classic” description of hydrothermal alteration in a porphyry deposits is that of Lowell and Guilbert (1970) (Figure 11). Although our understanding of processes has improved since then, the alteration types can be recognized:
• Potassic: In the potassic zone, the main secondary minerals are biotite, K-feldspar, quartz and magnetite. Actinolite, garnets and sometimes anhydrite are common accessories, with minor albite-oligoclase and titanite (sphene) or rutile. Epidote and chlorite are only minor constituents and if present in any quantity are usually formed from the other typical potassic minerals by later retrogradation. Potassic alteration is caused by the near-intrusive, hot fluids with a strongly magmatic character and high salinity. In deposits with a more silicic character, such as occur in the continental setting, accessories indicating magmatic components such as B and F may be present. These include tourmaline, topaz and fluorite. They are less common in island-arc porphyries, although a tourmaline-rich deposit has been reported from Sulawesi.
• Phyllic: Overlying and to some extent marginal to the the potassic zone is a zone of phllic alteration. Sericite and quartz are the main minerals, with abundant pyrite and varying amounts of anhydrite. Phyllic alteration may overprint potassic or propylitic alteration, producing assemblages of mixed character with chlorite and in some cases calcite. Phyllic alterarion is formed by cooler (typically
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Gambar 10.Ringkasan skema model plume untuk pengembangan adanya lembaga porfiri tembaga. Profil termal di zona permukaan tergantung pada permeabilitas lokal; menjamurnya isoterm hanya terjadi jika sistem mengalami sedikit debit melalui permukaan beberapa debit aliran yang relatif tinggi. Dispersi plume ditunjukkan oleh ornamen geladak tetapi batas-batasnya dipilih secara bebas untuk menjelaskan membahas wilayah yang ditandai dengan walinya kadar logam. Debit langsung keluar dari daerah ini dapat secara lokal menghasilkan batu sumber udara panas percepatan atau epithermal vena deposit. Catatan volume kecil dari batu di mana data isotop akan menunjukkan dominasi magmatik cairan ajaib yang ada dan, sebaliknya, volume besar plume dispersi yang didominasi tergantung pada tahap akhir pembubaran dan reprecipitation utama chalcopyrite oleh serbuan air tanah. Proses mendidih bisa saja terjadi di wilayah permukaan.Akibat lebih jauhnya hilangnya volatile adalah peningkatan titik beku meleleh, yang mengakibatkan cepat solidifikasi magma sisa, menjebak phenocrysts (pembentukan yang dipicu kedua mendidih) di groundmass berbutir halus, untuk memberikan tekstur porphycritic khas mineralisasi saham. Porfiri nama untuk deposit tersebut karena itu sangat tepat, karena tidak hanya menggambarkan fitur yang paling menonjol, tapi fitur ini merupakan bagian integral dari kejadian deposit. Pada tingkat yang dangkal, dengan meningkatnya pengenceran, cairan umumnya kelas ke dalam sistem hydrothermal khas 'epithermal'.6. hydrothermal perubahan dan Veining6.1 perubahan Deskripsi "klasik" perubahan hydrothermal deposito porfiri adalah Lowell dan Guilbert (1970) (Gambar 11). Meskipun pemahaman kita tentang proses telah meningkat sejak itu, jenis perubahan yang dapat diakui:• Potassic: di zona potassic, mineral sekunder utama yang biotite, K-feldspar, kuarsa dan magnetit. Actinolite, Garnet, dan kadang-kadang anhidrit yang umum aksesoris, dengan albite-oligoclase kecil dan titanite (sphene) atau rutile. Epidote dan klorit hanya konstituen kecil dan jika hadir dalam kuantitas pun biasanya dibentuk dari mineral potassic khas lainnya oleh retrogradation kemudian. Potassic perubahan ini disebabkan oleh cairan dekat mengganggu, panas dengan karakter kuat magmatik dan salinitas yang tinggi. Dalam deposito dengan karakter lebih silika, seperti terjadi dalam pengaturan kontinental, aksesoris menunjukkan magmatik komponen seperti F dan B dapat hadir. Ini termasuk turmalin, topaz, dan fluor. Mereka kurang umum di porphyries pulau-arc, meskipun deposit turmalin kaya telah dilaporkan dari Sulawesi.• Phyllic: Overlying and to some extent marginal to the the potassic zone is a zone of phllic alteration. Sericite and quartz are the main minerals, with abundant pyrite and varying amounts of anhydrite. Phyllic alteration may overprint potassic or propylitic alteration, producing assemblages of mixed character with chlorite and in some cases calcite. Phyllic alterarion is formed by cooler (typically <400o C), and usually more dilute fluids than potassic alteration. At lower temperatures, Phyllic alteration may be transitional to argillic alteration, with lower temperature clays such as smectite and kaolinite. This is an unfortunate term because it lumps together clays which are stable in both neutral and acid pH conditions, and so indicate different types of fluid.• Propylitic: Typically marginal to the the potassic and phyllic zones is a zone of propylitic alteration, characterized by chlorite, illite, quartz and epidote, along, with albite, minor K-feldspar and varying amounts of calcite and anhydrite. Propylitic assemblages may be formed at the same temperatures as phyllic, but have undergone less metasomatism, either because the fluids responsible were more dilute, less acidic, and/or because the rocks were less permeable. It is common to see phyllic alteration as a bleached halo surrounding a vein or fracture, grading out into more pervasive propylitic alteration.Gambar 11Zona bijih dan perubahan utama dalam porphyry ideal tembaga deposit. () skema gambar perubahan zonasi di deposit bijih khas porfiri. Penutupan amplop phyllic dan propylitic di puncak adalah dengan kesimpulan sendiri. (b) skema gambar mineralisation zonasi di deposit bijih khas porfiri. Bijih 'shell' ditunjukkan khas dari san Manuel-Kalamazoo, sementara dalam deposito lain tidak seperti shell berbeda selalu diakui (setelah Henley dan McNabb 1978)
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