Patients with insomnia typically complain of difficulty concentrating, memory problems, and difficulty focusing attention. However, studies using objective neuropsychological testing have produced inconsistent findings. This has led some researchers to question the existence of true cognitive impairments in insomnia79and attribute the daytime complaints to excessive attention to the expected consequences of poor sleep.14
The role of objective sleep measures in the association of insomnia with cognitive impairment has been addressed in a recent study from the Penn State Adult Cohort.80 This study showed that patients with insomnia, based solely on a subjective complaint, did not differ significantly from controls on either PSG variables or neurocognitive performance. However, significant interactions between insomnia and objective short sleep duration (i.e., < 6h) on specific neurocognitive tests were found. Specifically, patients with insomnia with objective short sleep duration showed poorer neuropsychological performance on tests of processing speed, switching attention, and number of short-term visual memory errors and omissions compared to control groups with normal or short sleep duration. In contrast, patients with insomnia with normal sleep duration group showed no significant deficits when compared to controls. Based on these findings, it seems that insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with deficits in switching attention, a key component of the “executive control of attention”.80 Importantly, the presence of a group of good sleepers with short sleep duration allowed to demonstrate that deficits in executive attention were associated with underlying physiological hyperarousal, a characteristic of chronic insomnia, rather than to short sleep per se.80 Another recent study by Edinger et al,81 examined the association between physiological hyperarousal, as measured by the MSLT, and response accuracy on reaction time tasks among 89 individuals with primary insomnia as compared to 95 well-screened normal sleepers. Interestingly, the authors found that individuals with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min showed lower nighttime sleep efficiencies and increased wake after sleep onset, suggesting 24-h physiological hyperarousal particularly in the primary insomnia group. Importantly, they found a significant interaction between insomnia and increased MSLT mean onset latency so that individuals with primary insomnia and with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min showed greater error rates in switching attention tasks than normal sleepers with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min, who showed no significant deficits. The authors concluded that physiological hyperarousal in insomnia may lead to increased daytime alertness yet dispose these individuals to higher error rates on tasks of switching attention,81 a finding consistent with those of a study by Fernandez-Mendoza et al., in which physiological hyperarousal was ascertained by objective short sleep duration.80
A recent meta-analysis has shown that individuals with insomnia exhibit performance impairments of small to moderate magnitude in several cognitive functions, including working memory, episodic memory, and some aspects of executive functioning.82 However, an important factor that has been neglected in meta-analytic research of the neurocognitive literature is the role of the degree of objective sleep disturbance in this association. As we have recently reviewed,59 most studies have shown that cognitive performance is impaired in patients with insomnia with objective sleep disturbances or that it correlates with objective markers of sleep disturbance in patients with insomnia, whereas those studies in which performance was not significantly impaired established insomnia diagnoses using solely subjective criteria.59
Cumulatively, the data from these studies indicate that objective short sleep duration may predict its effect on cognitive functions. Future studies should examine whether insomnia with objective short sleep duration may be a premorbid risk factor for mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia.
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โดยทั่วไปผู้ป่วยนอนไม่หลับบ่นยาก concentrating ปัญหาหน่วยความจำ และความยากลำบากในการมุ่งเน้นความสนใจ อย่างไรก็ตาม ใช้ทดสอบ neuropsychological วัตถุประสงค์การศึกษาได้ผลิตผลการวิจัยไม่สอดคล้องกัน มีผลวิจัยบางคำถามมีไหวสามารถรับรู้จริงในแอตทริบิวต์ insomnia79and ร้องเรียนกลางวันให้ความสนใจผลกระทบที่คาดไว้ของ sleep.14 ดีมากเกินไปThe role of objective sleep measures in the association of insomnia with cognitive impairment has been addressed in a recent study from the Penn State Adult Cohort.80 This study showed that patients with insomnia, based solely on a subjective complaint, did not differ significantly from controls on either PSG variables or neurocognitive performance. However, significant interactions between insomnia and objective short sleep duration (i.e., < 6h) on specific neurocognitive tests were found. Specifically, patients with insomnia with objective short sleep duration showed poorer neuropsychological performance on tests of processing speed, switching attention, and number of short-term visual memory errors and omissions compared to control groups with normal or short sleep duration. In contrast, patients with insomnia with normal sleep duration group showed no significant deficits when compared to controls. Based on these findings, it seems that insomnia with objective short sleep duration is associated with deficits in switching attention, a key component of the “executive control of attention”.80 Importantly, the presence of a group of good sleepers with short sleep duration allowed to demonstrate that deficits in executive attention were associated with underlying physiological hyperarousal, a characteristic of chronic insomnia, rather than to short sleep per se.80 Another recent study by Edinger et al,81 examined the association between physiological hyperarousal, as measured by the MSLT, and response accuracy on reaction time tasks among 89 individuals with primary insomnia as compared to 95 well-screened normal sleepers. Interestingly, the authors found that individuals with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min showed lower nighttime sleep efficiencies and increased wake after sleep onset, suggesting 24-h physiological hyperarousal particularly in the primary insomnia group. Importantly, they found a significant interaction between insomnia and increased MSLT mean onset latency so that individuals with primary insomnia and with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min showed greater error rates in switching attention tasks than normal sleepers with MSLT mean onset latency > 8 min, who showed no significant deficits. The authors concluded that physiological hyperarousal in insomnia may lead to increased daytime alertness yet dispose these individuals to higher error rates on tasks of switching attention,81 a finding consistent with those of a study by Fernandez-Mendoza et al., in which physiological hyperarousal was ascertained by objective short sleep duration.80Meta-analysis ล่าสุดได้แสดงว่า บุคคลที่ มีนอนไม่หลับแสดงไหวสามารถประสิทธิภาพของขนาดเล็กขนาดปานกลางในหลายฟังก์ชันรับรู้ รวมทั้งหน่วยความจำทำงาน หน่วยความจำ episodic และบางส่วนของ functioning.82 ผู้บริหารอย่างไรก็ตาม บทบาทของระดับของวัตถุประสงค์หลับในความสัมพันธ์นี้จะเป็นปัจจัยสำคัญที่มีที่ไม่มีกิจกรรมวิจัย meta-คู่ของวรรณคดี neurocognitive เราเพิ่งกดัง 59 ส่วนใหญ่ศึกษาแสดงให้เห็นว่า ประสิทธิภาพการรับรู้เป็นความบกพร่องทางด้านในผู้ป่วยนอนไม่หลับกับสลีประสงค์รบกวน หรือว่า มันคู่กับเครื่องหมายวัตถุประสงค์ของการหลับในผู้ป่วยนอนไม่หลับ ในขณะที่ศึกษาที่ซึ่งประสิทธิภาพไม่ชัดก่อตั้งนอนไม่หลับ diagnoses ใช้ criteria.59 แต่เพียงผู้เดียวตามอัตวิสัยCumulatively ข้อมูลจากการศึกษานี้บ่งชี้ว่า นอนวัตถุประสงค์ระยะสั้นระยะเวลาอาจทำนายผลของฟังก์ชันรับรู้ การศึกษาในอนาคตควรตรวจสอบว่านอนไม่หลับกับระยะเวลาการนอนหลับโดยย่อวัตถุประสงค์อาจเป็นปัจจัยเสี่ยง premorbid สำหรับการด้อยค่ารับรู้อ่อน (MCI) และสมองเสื่อม
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