46 In educational policies, two contrasting approaches about standards translation - 46 In educational policies, two contrasting approaches about standards Vietnamese how to say

46 In educational policies, two con

46 In educational policies, two contrasting approaches about standards can be found:

• a bureaucratic, ‘technical’ approach for accountability purposes, focused on measuring, monitoring, comparing and regulating individual behaviour; or

• a ‘developmental’ approach, with loose definitions of competences indicative of performance, stressing principles and codes of practice.

47 The ‘technical’ approach focuses on observation, measuring and control; it is associated with a skills-based view of teaching and teacher quality, whose focus is on individual teachers’ performance, rather than on overall professional development. It has been the object of some criticism; in the US, a preoccupation with technical standards has been viewed as ‘education-draining’

(Apple, 2005; Sergiovanni, 2000); in the UK, the risk of content overriding values, attitudes and personal qualities has been underlined (Furlong et al., 2000; Hargreaves et al., 2001).

48 By contrast, the ‘developmental’ approach to standards highlights values, purpose and agency in teaching - the ability to balance priorities about what is educationally desirable and make situated judgements, informed by theory and research (Biesta, 2009; 2010; 2011). It sees standards as descriptive tools for reflection, sense making and guiding professional action, helping to identify development opportunities and needs at individual, school level, and beyond (Conway et al., 2009; Darling-Hammond, 2000; Pyke and Lynch, 2005).

49 Some view standards as useful means for the legitimation of the knowledge base and profession of teachers, and thus for quality control and effective professional learning (Darling-Hammond, 2000; Kleinhenz & Ingvarson, 2007; Yinger & Hendricks - Lee, 2000). Critics of standards culture, on the other hand, warn against making linear, causal connections between teacher behaviour and student outcomes, which might overlook the nature of teacher competences as shared and context-bound (Ball, 2003; Conway et al., 2009; Pring, 2004). Instrumentalist approaches to standards for teachers as pedagogical technicians and knowledge testers might also underplay their role as independent, critical intellectuals and knowledge creators who respond to context and student needs (Hagger & McIntyre, 2006; Olssen et al., 2004). The variety, creativity and autonomy of teachers’ practices might also be reduced by the use of standards for professional assessment and career incentives (Menter et al., 2010). Some argue that the presence of teacher standards is no guarantee of quality, since

“the devil is in the interpretation” (Conway et al., 2009; Koster & Dengerink, 2008; Mahony & Hextall, 2000).

50 To sum up, studies on the functions and impact of the teacher standards culture in different countries show wide variations in the ways in which standards are implemented and used, according to the contexts and the responsibilities for judgement.



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46 In educational policies, two contrasting approaches about standards can be found: • a bureaucratic, ‘technical’ approach for accountability purposes, focused on measuring, monitoring, comparing and regulating individual behaviour; or • a ‘developmental’ approach, with loose definitions of competences indicative of performance, stressing principles and codes of practice. 47 The ‘technical’ approach focuses on observation, measuring and control; it is associated with a skills-based view of teaching and teacher quality, whose focus is on individual teachers’ performance, rather than on overall professional development. It has been the object of some criticism; in the US, a preoccupation with technical standards has been viewed as ‘education-draining’ (Apple, 2005; Sergiovanni, 2000); in the UK, the risk of content overriding values, attitudes and personal qualities has been underlined (Furlong et al., 2000; Hargreaves et al., 2001). 48 By contrast, the ‘developmental’ approach to standards highlights values, purpose and agency in teaching - the ability to balance priorities about what is educationally desirable and make situated judgements, informed by theory and research (Biesta, 2009; 2010; 2011). It sees standards as descriptive tools for reflection, sense making and guiding professional action, helping to identify development opportunities and needs at individual, school level, and beyond (Conway et al., 2009; Darling-Hammond, 2000; Pyke and Lynch, 2005). 49 một số xem tiêu chuẩn như là phương tiện hữu ích cho legitimation của cơ sở kiến thức và nghề nghiệp của giáo viên, và do đó để kiểm soát chất lượng và hiệu quả chuyên nghiệp học tập (Darling-Hammond, năm 2000; Kleinhenz & Ingvarson, năm 2007; Yinger & Hendricks - Lee, 2000). Nhà phê bình của văn hóa tiêu chuẩn, mặt khác, cảnh báo chống lại kết nối tuyến tính, quan hệ nhân quả giữa giáo viên hành vi và sinh viên kết quả, có thể nhìn ra bản chất của giáo viên năng lực như chia sẻ và bối cảnh-ràng buộc (bóng, 2003; Conway et al., 2009; Pring, năm 2004). Công phương pháp tiếp cận các tiêu chuẩn cho các giáo viên như sư phạm kỹ thuật và kiến thức thử nghiệm cũng có thể underplay vai trò của họ như là trí thức quan trọng, độc lập và người sáng tạo kiến thức người đáp ứng với bối cảnh và học sinh nhu cầu (Hagger & McIntyre, 2006; Olssen et al, 2004). Sự đa dạng, sáng tạo và quyền tự chủ của giáo viên thực hành cũng có thể được giảm bằng cách sử dụng tiêu chuẩn để đánh giá chuyên nghiệp và sự nghiệp ưu đãi (Menter và ctv., 2010). Một số người cho rằng sự hiện diện của giáo viên tiêu chuẩn là không có bảo đảm chất lượng, kể từ khi "the devil là trong việc giải thích" (Conway et al., 2009; Koster & Dengerink, 2008; Mahony & Hextall, 2000). 50 để tổng hợp, nghiên cứu về các chức năng và ảnh hưởng của văn hóa tiêu chuẩn giáo viên các quốc gia khác nhau Hiển thị nhiều biến thể trong những cách mà tiêu chuẩn được thực hiện và được sử dụng, theo các bối cảnh và trách nhiệm đối với bản án.
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