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5.2.2 ConstraintIf there were no resistance to shrinkage, then again, at least in a theoretical sense, there would be no cracking, but this is obviously not the case either. During welding, significant thermal gradients exist within a material, typically ranging from the melting temperature of steel, down to room tem- perature. As the hot, expanded weld metal and surrounding hot base metal begin to cool, and correspondingly volu- metrically contract, the colder surrounding steel resists this contraction. The degree of resistance offered depends on the volume and strength of the colder material, as well as the stiffness of the configuration of the material. Also, since the strength and modulus of elasticity change with temperature, the temperature of the surrounding steel is another factor.
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