variables in the form of hypotheses (e.g. ‘there is a relationship bet translation - variables in the form of hypotheses (e.g. ‘there is a relationship bet Indonesian how to say

variables in the form of hypotheses

variables in the form of hypotheses (e.g. ‘there is a relationship between
self-concept and achievement’). Generally speaking, the flexibility of
survey research means that these can be more wide-ranging and complex
than in experimental studies (e.g. ‘the relationship between self-concept
and achievement will increase as the child gets older’; ‘the relationship
between self-concept and achievement will be mediated by emotional
intelligence’). However, not all survey studies test specific hypotheses.
Some survey studies can be purely descriptive. For example, one
common use of survey studies is to look at voting intentions. Researchers
do not start from specific hypotheses (e.g. ‘the Democratic share of the
vote is hypothesised to be more than 40 per cent’), but merely wish to
test what voters’ intentions are. Therefore, whether one wants to test
specific hypotheses or conduct a more descriptive study (e.g. ‘what percentage
of teachers has engaged in professional development activities
over the past year?’) will depend on your research question.

Define what information you need
Once research questions and, where necessary, hypotheses have been
decided on, you need to think about what information is needed to
answer these research questions. If your research objectives suggest that a
survey study would be a suitable method, you need to decide what information
you will need to collect through your survey study. This will
involve deciding what questions to ask, whether to use pre-published
scales, how long to make your survey and so on. We will look at a
number of these later on in this chapter.

Decide what your population is
As well as deciding on what information you need, you also need to
decide exactly what your population is going to be. The population is the
group you want to generalise your findings to. For example, you might
want to do a study on the relationship between self-concept and achievement.
Your population could be all 10-year-olds in the county, all
10-year-olds in the country and so on. It is important to be clear what
your population is, as this will determine who you are (in most cases)
going to sample. Of course, in some cases it may not be necessary to
sample at all. It may be possible to survey the whole population. If, for
example, I wanted to do a survey of my students’ views of my teaching
in the undergraduate statistics class, I could give a questionnaire to the
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variables in the form of hypotheses (e.g. ‘there is a relationship betweenself-concept and achievement’). Generally speaking, the flexibility ofsurvey research means that these can be more wide-ranging and complexthan in experimental studies (e.g. ‘the relationship between self-conceptand achievement will increase as the child gets older’; ‘the relationshipbetween self-concept and achievement will be mediated by emotionalintelligence’). However, not all survey studies test specific hypotheses.Some survey studies can be purely descriptive. For example, onecommon use of survey studies is to look at voting intentions. Researchersdo not start from specific hypotheses (e.g. ‘the Democratic share of thevote is hypothesised to be more than 40 per cent’), but merely wish totest what voters’ intentions are. Therefore, whether one wants to testspecific hypotheses or conduct a more descriptive study (e.g. ‘what percentageof teachers has engaged in professional development activitiesover the past year?’) will depend on your research question.Define what information you needOnce research questions and, where necessary, hypotheses have beendecided on, you need to think about what information is needed toanswer these research questions. If your research objectives suggest that asurvey study would be a suitable method, you need to decide what informationyou will need to collect through your survey study. This willinvolve deciding what questions to ask, whether to use pre-publishedscales, how long to make your survey and so on. We will look at anumber of these later on in this chapter.Decide what your population isAs well as deciding on what information you need, you also need todecide exactly what your population is going to be. The population is thegroup you want to generalise your findings to. For example, you mightwant to do a study on the relationship between self-concept and achievement.Your population could be all 10-year-olds in the county, all10-year-olds in the country and so on. It is important to be clear whatyour population is, as this will determine who you are (in most cases)going to sample. Of course, in some cases it may not be necessary tosample at all. It may be possible to survey the whole population. If, forexample, I wanted to do a survey of my students’ views of my teachingin the undergraduate statistics class, I could give a questionnaire to the
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variabel dalam bentuk hipotesis (misalnya 'ada hubungan antara
konsep diri dan prestasi'). Secara umum, fleksibilitas
penelitian survei berarti bahwa ini bisa lebih luas dan kompleks
dibandingkan dalam studi eksperimental (misalnya 'hubungan antara konsep diri
dan prestasi akan meningkat karena anak mendapat lebih tua'; 'hubungan
antara konsep diri dan prestasi akan dimediasi oleh emosi
kecerdasan '). Namun, tidak semua studi survei menguji hipotesis tertentu.
Beberapa penelitian survei dapat murni deskriptif. Misalnya, salah satu
penggunaan umum dari penelitian survei adalah dengan melihat niat voting. Para peneliti
tidak mulai dari hipotesis tertentu (misalnya 'pangsa Demokratik
suara adalah hipotesis menjadi lebih dari 40 persen'), tetapi hanya ingin
menguji apa niat pemilih yang. Oleh karena itu, apakah seseorang ingin menguji
hipotesis tertentu atau melakukan studi lebih deskriptif (misalnya 'berapa persen
guru telah terlibat dalam kegiatan pengembangan profesional
selama setahun terakhir?') Akan tergantung pada pertanyaan penelitian Anda.

Tentukan informasi apa yang Anda butuhkan
Setelah pertanyaan penelitian dan, jika perlu, hipotesis telah
memutuskan, Anda harus berpikir tentang informasi apa yang dibutuhkan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan penelitian tersebut. Jika tujuan penelitian Anda menunjukkan bahwa
penelitian survei akan menjadi metode yang cocok, Anda perlu memutuskan informasi apa
yang Anda akan perlu untuk mengumpulkan melalui penelitian survei Anda. Ini akan
melibatkan memutuskan apa pertanyaan untuk bertanya, apakah akan menggunakan pra-diterbitkan
sisik, berapa lama untuk membuat survei dan sebagainya. Kami akan melihat pada
sejumlah ini nanti dalam bab ini.

Putuskan apa populasi Anda
Serta memutuskan informasi apa yang Anda butuhkan, Anda juga perlu
memutuskan dengan tepat apa yang akan populasi Anda menjadi. Populasi adalah
kelompok yang ingin menggeneralisasi temuan Anda. Misalnya, Anda mungkin
ingin melakukan studi tentang hubungan antara konsep diri dan prestasi.
Populasi Anda bisa ke-10-year-olds di daerah ini, semua
10-tahun di negara itu dan sebagainya. Hal ini penting untuk menjadi jelas apa yang
penduduk Anda, karena hal ini akan menentukan siapa Anda (dalam banyak kasus)
akan sampel. Tentu saja, dalam beberapa kasus mungkin tidak diperlukan untuk
sampel sama sekali. Dimungkinkan untuk survei seluruh populasi. Jika,
misalnya, saya ingin melakukan survei dari pandangan siswa saya 'mengajar saya
di kelas statistik sarjana, aku bisa memberikan kuesioner kepada
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