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7. DGM (2004) include tax overpayments from the tax return to control for late-yearevents such as tax planning that reduce taxes payable; however, we believe that tax feespaid to auditors represents an incremental contribution to this indirect control for taxplanning.We conduct a Durbin-Wu-Hausman test to ensure that our tax fee variable(Tax_Fees) and third-to-fourth-quarter ETR change variable (ETR4_ETR3) are notendogenous. Consistent with Omer et al. 2006, we use two-stage least squaresregression, regressing Tax_Fees on audit fees (scaled by selling, general, andadministrative expense), auditor tenure, size (natural log of total assets), leverage,return on assets, nonaudit fees (scaled by total fees), nonaudit fees (scaled by pre-taxincome), and categorical variables for Big 4 auditors and auditor change in the firststage. We then include the residuals from this regression in the second stage. As inOmer et al. 2006, the coefficient on the residuals is insignificant; thus the Durbin-Wu-Hausman test suggests that no endogeneity problem exists.
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