Ma, 1999). By developing an understanding of MKT,mathematicians and ma translation - Ma, 1999). By developing an understanding of MKT,mathematicians and ma Indonesian how to say

Ma, 1999). By developing an underst

Ma, 1999). By developing an understanding of MKT,
mathematicians and mathematics educators will be able to
help prospective teachers access and unpack knowledge in
a connected, effective manner.
Mathematics Knowledge for Teaching Geometry
Numerous national educational groups consisting of
mathematicians, mathematics educators, and classroom
teachers have offered recommendations for the preparation
of prospective middle grades mathematics teachers in
the area off geometry (CBMS, 2001; National Mathematics
Advisory Panel [NMAP], 2008; NCTM, 2000; RAND
Mathematics Study Panel, 2003). Geometry is one of the
most interesting areas of mathematics to teach not only for
its appeal to the visual senses, but also for its historical
significance in the development of mathematics. Geometry
lends itself well to making “rich connections with
the rest of mathematics, including topics and themes in
discrete and continuous mathematics as combinatorics,
algorithmic thinking, geometric series, optimization, functions,
limits, trigonometry and more” (Goldenberg,
Cuoco, & Mark, 1998, p. 23). Geometry is one of the
focus areas for the NCTM (2000) content standards and
NCTM (2006) Curriculum Focal Points and as such, prospective
middle grades teachers must be prepared to effectively
teach this subject. The National Assessment of
Educational Progress identified weaknesses in the performance
of U.S. students on mathematical concepts, in particular
geometry concepts, as compared with students in
other countries (Gonzales et al., 2000). More specifically,
students lacked the ability to perform well on spatial visualization
and problem solving (Battista, 1999).
A contributing factor to U.S. students’ weak performance
on geometric concepts could be attributed to the
mathematical knowledge for teaching geometric concepts
held by teachers. The MT21 and the recent Breaking the
Cycle report, both cross-national studies of the preparation
of middle school teachers, found prospective middle
grades teachers’ mathematics knowledge in the areas of
algebra and geometry to be weak in comparison with
prospective middle grades teachers in other countries
(Center for Research in Math and Science Education,
2010; Schmidt et al., 2007). Prospective middle grades
teachers may not possess the subject-matter knowledge
and pedagogical content knowledge needed to effectively
teach geometric concepts (Grover & Conner, 2000; Swafford,
Jones, & Thorton, 1997).
Mathematical Connections
What is a mathematical connection? Hiebert and Carpenter
(1992) described mathematical connections as part
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Ma, 1999). By developing an understanding of MKT,mathematicians and mathematics educators will be able tohelp prospective teachers access and unpack knowledge ina connected, effective manner.Mathematics Knowledge for Teaching GeometryNumerous national educational groups consisting ofmathematicians, mathematics educators, and classroomteachers have offered recommendations for the preparationof prospective middle grades mathematics teachers inthe area off geometry (CBMS, 2001; National MathematicsAdvisory Panel [NMAP], 2008; NCTM, 2000; RANDMathematics Study Panel, 2003). Geometry is one of themost interesting areas of mathematics to teach not only forits appeal to the visual senses, but also for its historicalsignificance in the development of mathematics. Geometrylends itself well to making “rich connections withthe rest of mathematics, including topics and themes indiscrete and continuous mathematics as combinatorics,algorithmic thinking, geometric series, optimization, functions,limits, trigonometry and more” (Goldenberg,Cuoco, & Mark, 1998, p. 23). Geometry is one of thefocus areas for the NCTM (2000) content standards andNCTM (2006) Curriculum Focal Points and as such, prospectivemiddle grades teachers must be prepared to effectivelyteach this subject. The National Assessment ofEducational Progress identified weaknesses in the performanceof U.S. students on mathematical concepts, in particulargeometry concepts, as compared with students inother countries (Gonzales et al., 2000). More specifically,students lacked the ability to perform well on spatial visualizationand problem solving (Battista, 1999).A contributing factor to U.S. students’ weak performanceon geometric concepts could be attributed to themathematical knowledge for teaching geometric conceptsheld by teachers. The MT21 and the recent Breaking theCycle report, both cross-national studies of the preparationof middle school teachers, found prospective middlegrades teachers’ mathematics knowledge in the areas ofalgebra and geometry to be weak in comparison withprospective middle grades teachers in other countries(Center for Research in Math and Science Education,2010; Schmidt et al., 2007). Prospective middle gradesteachers may not possess the subject-matter knowledgeand pedagogical content knowledge needed to effectivelyteach geometric concepts (Grover & Conner, 2000; Swafford,Jones, & Thorton, 1997).Mathematical ConnectionsWhat is a mathematical connection? Hiebert and Carpenter(1992) described mathematical connections as part
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Ma, 1999). Dengan mengembangkan pemahaman tentang MKT,
matematikawan dan pendidik matematika akan dapat
membantu akses calon guru dan membongkar pengetahuan dalam
suatu cara yang efektif terhubung.
Matematika Pengetahuan Pengajaran Geometri
Sejumlah kelompok pendidikan nasional yang terdiri dari
ahli matematika, pendidik matematika, dan kelas
guru telah ditawarkan rekomendasi untuk persiapan
calon nilai tengah matematika guru di
daerah off geometri (SPKM, 2001; National Matematika
Penasehat [nMAP], 2008; NCTM, 2000; RAND
Matematika Study Panel, 2003). Geometri adalah salah satu
daerah yang paling menarik dari matematika untuk mengajar tidak hanya untuk
banding ke indera visual, tetapi juga untuk sejarah
penting dalam pengembangan matematika. Geometri
cocok baik untuk membuat "koneksi yang kaya dengan
sisa matematika, termasuk topik-topik dan tema di
matematika diskrit dan kontinyu sebagai kombinatorika,
berpikir algoritmik, seri geometris, optimasi, fungsi,
batas, trigonometri dan lebih" (Goldenberg,
Cuoco, & Mark 1998, p. 23). Geometri adalah salah satu
area fokus untuk NCTM (2000) standar isi dan
NCTM (2006) Kurikulum Focal Points dan karena itu, calon
guru nilai tengah harus siap untuk secara efektif
mengajarkan subjek ini. The National Assessment of
Educational Progress mengidentifikasi kelemahan dalam kinerja
siswa AS pada konsep-konsep matematika, khususnya
konsep geometri, dibandingkan dengan siswa di
negara lain (Gonzales et al., 2000). Lebih khusus,
siswa tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk melakukan dengan baik pada visualisasi spasial
dan pemecahan masalah (Battista, 1999).
Faktor yang berkontribusi terhadap lemahnya kinerja siswa AS
pada konsep geometris dapat dikaitkan dengan
pengetahuan matematika untuk mengajarkan konsep geometri
yang dimiliki oleh guru. The MT21 dan baru-baru ini Breaking
laporan Cycle, kedua studi lintas-nasional persiapan
guru sekolah menengah, menemukan calon tengah
nilai guru pengetahuan matematika di bidang
aljabar dan geometri untuk menjadi lemah dibandingkan dengan
calon guru nilai menengah di lain negara
(Pusat Penelitian Matematika dan Ilmu Pendidikan,
2010;. Schmidt et al, 2007). Calon nilai tengah
guru mungkin tidak memiliki pengetahuan subjek-materi
dan pengetahuan konten pedagogi diperlukan untuk secara efektif
mengajarkan konsep-konsep geometri (Grover & Conner, 2000; Swafford,
Jones, & Thorton, 1997).
Koneksi Matematika
Apa koneksi matematika? Hiebert dan Carpenter
(1992) menggambarkan koneksi matematika sebagai bagian
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