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Development of vehicles that could operate on alternative fuels began in earnest as a response to the oil shocks of the1970s. Of the various choices, methanol appeared to be the best candida~ for long-term, widespread replacement ofpetroleum-based fuels. Initial support by the government was based on the desire for energy security, but the potential forimprovement in air quality became an important driver as well. Experimental fleets of dedicated methanol vehicles did wellin the field, but the lack of refueling infrastructure led to the development of the flexible fuel vehicle (FFV), a vehicle thatcould operate on either gasoline or methanol with only one fuel system Oll' board. Legislation was put in place to encouragethe auto industry to begin production, which started in 1993 for the M85 FFV at Ford. By the end of the decade, however,full production volumes had been transferred to the E85 FFV (gasoline or ethanol). The technical, economic and politicalreasons for this shift are emphasised and are discussed below, including visions for the future, and the directmethanol fuel cell.
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