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Progress in controlling brewery fermentation could now be made as improvements in the microbiological aspects of fermentation could facilitate engineering developments. Of critical importance in bottom fermentation was temperature control and in particular the maintenance of low temperatures (0ëC, 32ëF and less) for long periods of time. This originally required the use of large quantities of ice until the compressor refrigerator appeared in breweries from about 1873 following developments in Australia and Germany. The next 100 years saw the abandonment of top fermentation throughout the world with the exception of the UK and Ireland and rapid developments in the later years of the twentieth century to increased batch size fermentations in very large vessels (up to 6,000 hl, 3,600 imp. brl).There has recently been renewed interest in top fermented ale beers produced in small batches in `niche' breweries particularly in the USA. There has also been a desire to eliminate differences between top and bottom fermentation by seeking semi-continuous and continuous fermentation techniques, some of them employing immobilized yeast, when the traditional practices of top and bottom separation do not take place.There are marked differences in the batch sizes of fermentation systems throughout the world. This reflects the market in which the particular brewer operates. International brewers producing global brands will have plants with capacities of at least 10 m. hl per annum (6m. imp. brl) and sometimes considerably greater than this in the USA and Japan. Regional brewers in many countries brew successfully in plants of annual production in the range 0.1 to 1.0 m. hl (60,000 to 600,000 imp. brl) and craft or niche brewers would operate at levels of 1,000 to 10,000 hl per annum. Fermentation processes are therefore successfully carried out in batch sizes ranging from 10 to 6,000 hl. It follows that a wide range of vessel types are used.Techniques of fabrication are available to make fermenting vessels of all sizes. Practical sizes are limited by economic factors. It is difficult to transport by road, rail or barge, vessels much bigger than 2,000 hl capacity (1,200 imp. brl) and vessels of greater volume must be built on site at greater cost. Companies must decide on the optimum size for their own operations. Fermentation technology, therefore, embraces a study of:
• fermenters for bottom and top fermentations and consequent yeast separation • fermenters for continuous and semi-continuous operation requiring no yeast separation • fermentation control systems.
Some basic principles first need outlining so that vessel design and operation is set in the context of the biochemical requirements of successful brewery fermentation (see also Chapters 12, 13).
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