photoquadrat survey was conducted by taking photographs along three parallel 25-m transects located at 2–5 m below the water surface. A digital photograph covering an area of 0.75 m x 0.75 m was taken every meter along each transect using a Canon G10 camera with an underwater housing. In the laboratory, sub- strate composition of each photograph was quantified after assign- ing 100 stratified random points using Coral Point Count with an Excel extension (CPCe3.6) (Kohler and Gill, 2006). The substrate was classified as boulder (volcanic material with >40 cm diameter),