The first part outlined the traditional view of realism, which holds t translation - The first part outlined the traditional view of realism, which holds t Chinese how to say

The first part outlined the traditi

The first part outlined the traditional view of realism, which holds that it is empirical and pessimistic. Classical realism is also ascribes causation to human nature, distinguishes between status-quo and revisionist powers and accepts subjectivity in social science – points on which it differs with neorealism. The second part compared how Morgenthau and Waltz respectively defined power, the former primarily conceiving it as a reflection of material factors, while the latter emphasised immaterial forces. Morgenthau’s conception of power therefore contrasts with traditional understanding. The third part compared the analytical levels in which each scholar worked. While Morgenthau believed that power seeking is fundamentally reducible to human nature, Waltz stresses anarchy. Nevertheless, both theorists draw on unit-based and structural explanations. Thus, the purported difference between the two realisms with respect to levels of analysis is inaccurate. The final part compared critical and normative themes in their writings. While both theorists primarily sought to develop an explanatory theoretical framework, Morgenthau utilised critical and normative arguments in his work. His concept of wielding truth against power confirms this. Waltz, however, was hesitant of incorporating critical and normative analyses. Two possibilities were given for this, namely that his theory largely disregards agency, making prescriptive arguments unnecessary. Secondly, writing in the ‘stable’, bipolar era of the Cold War, he had little incentive to attack it. Therefore, critical and normative arguments are not absent from realism, but only from the realism of Waltz.
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第一部分概述了传统的观点认为它是实证和悲观的现实主义。古典现实主义也是归咎于对人性的因果关系、 区分现状和修正主义者的权力和接纳主体性在社会科学中 — — 点它不同与新现实主义。第二部分比较如何摩根索和华尔兹分别定义电源,前者主要构想它作为物质的因素,而后者强调非物质力量的反映。摩根索的权力观因此与传统意义上理解形成了鲜明的对比。第三部分比较分析的水平,每个学者的工作。虽然摩根索认为权力追求的是从根本上还原到人类的本性,华尔兹强调无政府状态。然而,这两个理论家画上基于单元和结构的解释。因此,对于层次分析的两种现实主义的所谓的区别是不准确的。最后一部分比较批判性和规范性的主题,在他们的著作中。虽然这两个理论家主要试图制定一个解释性的理论框架,摩根索利用批判性和规范性的论点,在他的工作。他挥舞着真理,反对权力的概念证实了这一点。华尔兹,却犹豫将纳入批判性和规范性分析。两种可能性为此提出了,即他的理论很大程度上无视作出说明性参数不必要的机构。其次,在冷战时期的 '稳定'、 两极时代写作,他来攻击它的诱因。因此,批判性和规范性的论点并非缺席从现实主义,但只有从现实主义的华尔兹。
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第一部分概述了现实主义的传统观点,它认为这是经验和悲观。古典现实主义也归咎于因果关系到人类的性质,地位,现状和修正主义大国之间的区分和接受主体在社会科学 - 点上它与新现实主义不同。的第二部分相比,摩根索和华尔兹如何分别定义的电源,前者主要是设想它作为材料因素的反映,而后者则强调无关紧要的力。因此,权力的摩根索的观念对比与传统的理解。第三部分相比,其中每个学者制作的分析水平。虽然摩根索认为,权力寻租是从根本上归结为人性,华尔兹强调无政府状态。然而,无论是理论界借鉴单元为基础和结构的解释。因此,两个现实主义之间的区别说明的相对于分析的水平是不准确的。最后一部分比较重要的和规范性的主题在他们的著作。虽然这两个主要理论家试图建立一个解释性的理论框架,摩根索利用关键和规范性的论据在他的工作。他挥舞着真理对权力的概念证实了这一点。华尔兹,不过,有些犹豫结合的关键和规范性分析。两种可能性均给予了这一点,即他的理论在很大程度上忽视了机构,制定规范性的论据是不必要的。其次,写在“稳定”,双极冷战时代,他很少有动力去攻击它。因此,关键的和规范性的论据不是来自现实存在,但只能从华尔兹的真实感。
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第一部分概述了现实主义传统的观点,认为它是经验和悲观。古典现实主义还认为,因果关系的人性,区分现状与修正主义势力和接受主体在社会科学–点它不同于新现实主义。第二部分比较了摩根索和华尔兹分别定义的权力,前者主要研究物质因素的反映,后者强调非物质力量。摩根索的权力观与传统的理解,因此对比。第三部分比较分析层次的,每一个学者的工作。摩根索认为,权力追求的是从根本上还原为人的本性,华尔兹的应力状态。然而,无论是理论界借鉴单位为基础和结构的解释。因此,两个主义之间就层次分析所谓的差异是不准确的。最后一部分在他们的著作中关键的、规范的主题比较。虽然理论界主要是寻求发展的解释框架,摩根索在他的作品中使用关键参数和规范。他挥舞着真理与权力概念证实了这个。华尔兹,然而,正在犹豫的批判性和规范分析。给出了这两种可能性,即他的理论在很大程度上无视机构规定的争论,不必要的。其次,在“稳定”的写作,冷战的两极的时代,他没有动力去攻击它。因此,关键的、规范的争论不缺席的现实主义,但只有从现实主义的华尔兹。
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