Production, Input Demand and Factor Markets
Production relationships by activities are characterized by nested Constant Elasticity of
Substitution (CES) production functions. Activity output is a CES composite of aggregate
intermediate inputs and aggregate value added, while aggregate intermediate inputs are a
Leontief aggregate of the individual intermediate commodity inputs and aggregate value
added is a CES composite of primary factors demanded by each activity. The
determination of product supply and input demand is based on the assumption of profit
maximizing behaviour.
Factor markets in developed countries are characterized by inelastic factor supplies and
the model solves for market-clearing factor prices. In developing regions, however, we
assume that the real wage of skilled and unskilled labour is fixed in terms of the domestic
consumer price index and that the supply of skilled and unskilled labour is infinitely
elastic at that wage. In this specification, any shock that would otherwise reduce the
equilibrium wage will instead lead to increased unemployment.
While skilled and unskilled labour is mobile across activities, land and natural resources
are activity-specific under the activity aggregation used in the present study. Given the
short-run perspective of the present study, physical capital is likewise treated as sectorspecific
in the simulations reported below.
Final Domestic Demand by Commodity
The commodity composition of government consumption demand and investment
demand is fixed, with demand patterns from the benchmark data set. Households are
utility maximizers who respond to changes in relative prices and incomes. In this version
of the model, the utility functions for private households take the Stone-Geary form and
hence consumer demand by commodity is described by a Linear Expenditure System
(LES) specification.
Macro Closure
For this exercise a ―neutral‖ or ―balanced‖ set of macro closure rules is specified. Current
account balances for all regions are assumed to be fixed at initial benchmark levels in
terms of the global numeraire and real exchange rates adjust to maintain external
Results (
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Production, Input Demand and Factor MarketsProduction relationships by activities are characterized by nested Constant Elasticity ofSubstitution (CES) production functions. Activity output is a CES composite of aggregateintermediate inputs and aggregate value added, while aggregate intermediate inputs are aLeontief aggregate of the individual intermediate commodity inputs and aggregate valueadded is a CES composite of primary factors demanded by each activity. Thedetermination of product supply and input demand is based on the assumption of profitmaximizing behaviour.Factor markets in developed countries are characterized by inelastic factor supplies andthe model solves for market-clearing factor prices. In developing regions, however, weassume that the real wage of skilled and unskilled labour is fixed in terms of the domesticconsumer price index and that the supply of skilled and unskilled labour is infinitelyelastic at that wage. In this specification, any shock that would otherwise reduce theequilibrium wage will instead lead to increased unemployment.While skilled and unskilled labour is mobile across activities, land and natural resourcesare activity-specific under the activity aggregation used in the present study. Given theshort-run perspective of the present study, physical capital is likewise treated as sectorspecificin the simulations reported below.Final Domestic Demand by Commodityส่วนประกอบชุดของรัฐบาลปริมาณอุปสงค์และการลงทุนความต้องเป็นแบบคงที่ มีรูปแบบความต้องการจากชุดข้อมูลมาตรฐาน ครัวเรือนมีmaximizers อรรถประโยชน์ที่ตอบสนองต่อการเปลี่ยนแปลงในราคาญาติและรายได้ ในรุ่นนี้รุ่น ฟังก์ชันอรรถประโยชน์ในครัวเรือนส่วนบุคคลใช้แบบหิน Geary และดังนั้น อธิบายอุปสงค์ผู้บริโภค ด้วยสินค้าที่ซื้อขาย โดยระบบการจ่ายแบบเส้นตรงข้อกำหนด (เลส)ปิดแมโครสำหรับแบบฝึกหัดนี้ เป็นระบุชุด ―neutral‖ หรือ ―balanced‖ ของกฎปิดแมโคร ปัจจุบันดุลบัญชีสำหรับภูมิภาคทั้งหมดจะถือว่าจะต้องแก้ไขในระดับเกณฑ์มาตรฐานเบื้องต้นในเงื่อนไขของ numeraire โลกและอัตราแลกเปลี่ยนจริงปรับรักษาภายนอก
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