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Obviously,the decision tree in fig.2 and in particular the final outcomes states,such as "continued symptoms" or "major improvement" are vastly oversimplified in particular there is no consideration of how quickly improvement occured or how long patients would remain in any particular health state.The QALYwas developed in an effort to combine the attributes of lenght and quality of life into a single numeric measure.The USA panel on cost-effectiveness in health and medicine recommended QALYs as the most desirble effectiveness measure for economic analyses of health interventions. Health outcomes or "states" are assigned a value on a scale anchored at 0,representing worst imaginable health or death.and 1,representing best imaginable health or perfect health. The length of time in each health state is weighted according to its "health state value." By definition, 1 year of perfect health is worth 1 QALY ,and 1 year of less than perfect health is worth less than 1 QALY. If,for example we found, using the standard reference gamble that living with severe sciatica had a utility of 0.8, then 2 years spent with persistent would result in 1.6 QALYs.
Decision analysis can incorporate an individual patient's health state values when the focus is decision-making for an individual. However,it is frequently used to uniform decision on a broader policy level where overall societal values for different outcomes and health states are a more appropriate metric. Direct measurement of societal health state values is a resource intensive endeavor, requiring development of relevant health state descriptions, access to a representative population sample, and in-person interviews. Therefore, researchers prefer to measure health states and health effects directly on the population of interest and convert these to societal health state values. Preference-weighted health state classification systems were developed for this purpose.
Preference-weighted health state classification systems define each respondent's health state using a health status questionnaire and assign a societal health state value with a scoring algorithm that incorporates preference from a general population sample. This approach allows reseachers to use societal health state values with minimal resoure requirements compared with direct preference measurement. The most widely used systems include the EuroQol 5D (EQ-5D) the health utilities index, the quality of well-being scale, and the SF-36-derived SF-6D
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