The discoveryVan Leeuwenhoeck(1677) discovereand described single-cell translation - The discoveryVan Leeuwenhoeck(1677) discovereand described single-cell Indonesian how to say

The discoveryVan Leeuwenhoeck(1677)


The discovery

Van Leeuwenhoeck(1677) discovereand described single-celled organisms (animalcules) with his handcrafted microscopes
•Their different activitesand functions were identified after approximately 200 years laterfermentations, understanding diseases in humans and animals and in agriculture
•Prof. Charles E. Sedillot(1804-1833):
pioneers of modern medicine, surgery, anaesthesiology, histopathology and infectiology
understood the existence and action of microorganisms, which he termed as microbes while studying the development of post-operative infections


• Louis Pasteur

specific activities of yeasts and bacteria which are responsible for specific fermentations (published in papers 1857-1860),
demonstrate the development of wine disease and role of pasteuritationto preserve wine storage
•MartinusW. Beijerinck
made fundamentacontribution to microbial ecology by highlighting microbial association with plants for fixing the atmospheric nitrogen
Isolated the aerobic nitrogen fixing microorganisms Azotobacteras well as root module organisms Rhizobium


The microbes are:
•Considered to be the common ancestors of all microorganisms which not only grow everywhere but are present in abundance
•Correspond to the richest collection of molecular and chemical diversity
•driving the ecosystem processes by maintaining the nutrient cycles as well as maintain elegant relationships between themselves and higher organisms
•Great resource of biotechnological exploration of novel microorganisms and their products for exploitation in different processes
•The diversity has been explored using several approaches like phylogeny, physiology, metabolisms and genomics (Saxena, 2016)

Biotehcnology
•Microorganism produce metabolite, classified as :


Secondary metabolites : non essential for their growth Both metabolites played a tremendous role in the development of chemical, pharmaceutical and food industries (Saxena, 2016)
•The advent of modern biotechnology began with the birth of recombinant DNA technology in 1972
•Biotechnology refers to an array of enabling technologies which have applications in different industrial sectors; comprise of:

1. genetic engineering,
2. protein engineering,
3. metabolic engineering
4. biochemical process engineering

Modern microbiology relies on the metabolic potential of microorganisms and the varieties of methods by which they have been harnessed
•Genetically modified microorganisms (GMMOs) today find applications in the areas of human health, agriculture, environtment, food, chemicals, paper, and textile industries
•The different molecular methods which contribute to the development of GGMOs are:
1. gene transfer methods to deliver specific genes in desired host
2. cloning vectors
3. selectable marker gene for identification of recombinant microorganisms
4. promoters to control the expression of desired genes

The most common recombinant microorganisms which express the genes of other organisms are:
Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Sacchacerevisae, Phiciapastoris, Hansenulapolymorpha, and Aspergilusniger
•A variety of products and processes have been developed through these recombinant microorganisms
•The strategies of creating MMGOs are based on:

Alteration of gene sequence resulting in a change in the target protein sequence
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The discoveryVan Leeuwenhoeck(1677) discovereand described single-celled organisms (animalcules) with his handcrafted microscopes•Their different activitesand functions were identified after approximately 200 years laterfermentations, understanding diseases in humans and animals and in agriculture•Prof. Charles E. Sedillot(1804-1833):pioneers of modern medicine, surgery, anaesthesiology, histopathology and infectiologyunderstood the existence and action of microorganisms, which he termed as microbes while studying the development of post-operative infections• Louis Pasteur specific activities of yeasts and bacteria which are responsible for specific fermentations (published in papers 1857-1860),demonstrate the development of wine disease and role of pasteuritationto preserve wine storage•MartinusW. Beijerinckmade fundamentacontribution to microbial ecology by highlighting microbial association with plants for fixing the atmospheric nitrogenIsolated the aerobic nitrogen fixing microorganisms Azotobacteras well as root module organisms RhizobiumThe microbes are:•Considered to be the common ancestors of all microorganisms which not only grow everywhere but are present in abundance•Correspond to the richest collection of molecular and chemical diversity•driving the ecosystem processes by maintaining the nutrient cycles as well as maintain elegant relationships between themselves and higher organismsSumber daya •Great Bioteknologi eksplorasi mikroorganisme novel dan produk mereka untuk eksploitasi dalam proses yang berbeda•The keanekaragaman telah dieksplorasi menggunakan beberapa pendekatan seperti phylogeny, fisiologi, metabolisme dan genomics (Saxena, 2016)Biotehcnology•Microorganism memproduksi metabolit, diklasifikasikan sebagai: Metabolit Secondary: bebas penting bagi pertumbuhan mereka berdua metabolit played peran besar dalam pengembangan industri kimia, farmasi dan makanan (Saxena, 2016)•The munculnya bioteknologi modern dimulai dengan kelahiran teknologi DNA rekombinan pada tahun 1972•Biotechnology mengacu pada array memungkinkan technologies yang memiliki aplikasi di berbagai bidang industri; terdiri dari:1. rekayasa genetika, 2. Rekayasa protein,3. metabolik teknik 4. biokimia proses rekayasaModern Mikrobiologi bergantung pada potensi metabolik mikroorganisme dan jenis metode yang mereka telah dimanfaatkan•Genetically diubah mikroorganisme (GMMOs) hari ini menemukan aplikasi dalam bidang industri manusia Kesehatan, pertanian, lingkungan, makanan, bahan kimia, kertas dan tekstil•The molekul metode yang berbeda yang memberikan kontribusi untuk pengembangan GGMOs adalah:1. gen transfer metode untuk memberikan gen tertentu dalam angkatan yang diinginkan2. kloning vektor3. dipilih penanda gen untuk identifikasi mikroorganisme rekombinan 4. promotor untuk mengendalikan ekspresi gen yang diinginkanMikroorganisme rekombinan paling umum yang mengungkapkan gen organisme lain adalah:Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Sacchacerevisae, Phiciapastoris, Hansenulapolymorpha, dan Aspergilusniger• Sebuah berbagai produk dan proses telah dikembangkan melalui mikroorganisme ini rekombinan•The strategi untuk menciptakan MMGOs didasarkan pada:Alteration urutan gen yang mengakibatkan perubahan dalam urutan protein target
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Penemuan Van Leeuwenhoeck (1677) discovereand dijelaskan organisme bersel tunggal (animalcules) dengan mikroskop buatan nya • fungsi activitesand mereka yang berbeda telah diidentifikasi setelah sekitar 200 tahun laterfermentations, memahami penyakit pada manusia dan hewan dan pertanian • Prof. Charles E. Sedillot (1804-1833): pioneers modern kedokteran, bedah, anestesiologi, histopatologi dan infectiology understood keberadaan dan tindakan mikroorganisme, yang disebut sebagai mikroba saat mempelajari perkembangan infeksi pasca operasi • Louis Pasteur  kegiatan khusus dari ragi dan bakteri yang bertanggung jawab untuk fermentasi tertentu (diterbitkan di koran 1857-1860), demonstrate perkembangan penyakit anggur dan peran pasteuritationto melestarikan penyimpanan anggur • MartinusW. Beijerinck made fundamentacontribution ekologi mikroba dengan menyoroti hubungan mikroba dengan tanaman untuk memperbaiki nitrogen atmosfer Isolated nitrogen aerobik memperbaiki mikroorganisme Azotobacteras serta organisme modul akar Rhizobium Mikroba adalah: • Dianggap sebagai nenek moyang dari semua mikroorganisme yang tidak hanya tumbuh di mana-mana, tetapi yang hadir dalam kelimpahan • Sesuai dengan koleksi terkaya keanekaragaman molekul dan kimia • mengemudi proses ekosistem dengan mempertahankan siklus hara serta menjaga hubungan elegan antara mereka dan organisme yang lebih tinggi • sumber daya yang besar dari eksplorasi bioteknologi mikroorganisme novel dan produk mereka untuk eksploitasi dalam proses yang berbeda • keragaman telah dieksplorasi menggunakan beberapa pendekatan seperti filogeni, fisiologi, metabolisme dan genomik (Saxena, 2016) Biotehcnology • Mikroorganisme menghasilkan metabolit, diklasifikasikan sebagai: metabolit Secondary: non esensial untuk pertumbuhan mereka Kedua metabolit  memainkan peran besar dalam pengembangan industri kimia, farmasi dan makanan (Saxena, 2016) • munculnya bioteknologi modern dimulai dengan lahirnya teknologi DNA rekombinan pada tahun 1972 • Bioteknologi mengacu ke array memungkinkan teknologi yang memiliki aplikasi dalam berbagai industri sektor; terdiri dari: 1. rekayasa genetika, 2. rekayasa protein, 3. rekayasa metabolik 4. biokimia proses rekayasa mikrobiologi modern bergantung pada potensi metabolik mikroorganisme dan varietas metode yang mereka telah dimanfaatkan • mikroorganisme yang dimodifikasi secara genetik (GMMOS) hari ini menemukan aplikasi di bidang manusia kesehatan, pertanian, lingkungan, makanan, bahan kimia, kertas, dan industri tekstil • metode molekul berbeda yang berkontribusi terhadap pengembangan GGMOs adalah: 1. metode transfer gen untuk memberikan gen tertentu dalam diinginkan tuan rumah 2. kloning vektor 3. gen penanda dipilih untuk identifikasi mikroorganisme rekombinan 4. promotor untuk mengontrol ekspresi gen yang diinginkan Mikroorganisme rekombinan yang paling umum yang mengekspresikan gen dari organisme lain adalah: Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Sacchacerevisae, Phiciapastoris, Hansenulapolymorpha, dan Aspergilusniger • Berbagai produk dan proses telah dikembangkan melalui ini mikroorganisme rekombinan • strategi menciptakan MMGOs didasarkan urutan gen yang mengakibatkan perubahan dalam urutan protein target



















































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