Artisanal mining usually employs ve

Artisanal mining usually employs very simple technologies, and there is no planning for rehabilitation after the
closure of the mining operation. The most visible outcome of artisanal mining is environmental destruction. This
includes heavy metal pollution of land and water surrounding the artisanal mining operation as a result of the
disposal of waste rocks and tailings. In some cases, the separation of gold ore is not done at the mining location,
and therefore environmental pollution can affect further areas.
Despite its negative effects, artisanal mining plays an essential role in developing societies. Artisanal mining is a
significant source of revenue in countries that operate the system. Artisanal mining provides livelihoods for rural
communities. Mining provides employment for significant numbers of workers, not only in the mining activities,
but also in all related support activities. Upon consideration of these roles, Sir Mark Moody Stewart, the President
of the Geological Society of London, during a November 2003 conference on sustainable mining in London, said
that “Artisanal mining should be encouraged; however, the associated poor health, safety, and environmental
conditions must be improved.”
Conventional engineering systems to rehabilitate degraded mining land exist, but are expensive and rely on
technology that may be unavailable in the worst affecting artisanal mining areas. Rehabilitation can be done in situ
and/or ex situ through the use of physical, chemical, or biological techniques. In situ improvement is favored
because of the lower cost and reduced impact on the environment.The use of vegetative technologies, known as
“phytoremediation”, is recognized as a potentially cost-effective and ecologically sound alternative to degraded
land rehabilitation. When used appropriately, phytoremediation can facilitate natural soil formation processes, and
can bring about pollutant degradation or removal (Munshower, 1993; Cunningham et al., 1995; Brooks, 1998).
The existence of soil microorganisms, especially those that interact with plant roots, is one of the important keys in
determining the success of phytoremediation. In post mined land, because of the disturbance of top soils, there are
changes in the microbial community. Severe disturbance and contamination can lead to the complete extinction of
normal soil microorganisms. Experience has shown that soil microbial communities in tailings can become
severely stressed. Heterotrophic populations become severely diminished, while acidophilic autotrophic bacteria
such as Acidothiobacillus spp. and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans thrive (Southam and Beveridge, 1992).
Heterotropic bacteria are very important for plant survival; the interaction between plant and microorganism leads
to increased plant nutrient availability and absorption and therefore to increased growth (Mummey et al., 2002;
Mendez et al., 2007; Moynahan et al., 2002; Rosario et al., 2007).
The role of mycorrhiza in phytoremediation has attracted research attention (Gaur and Adholeya, 2004;
Hidelbrandt et al., 2007). There are at least two mechanisms by which the occurrence of mycorrhiza in plant root
promotes the work of phytoremediation. First, as suggested by Galli et al. (1994), mycorrhizal colonization in
roots plays a role in protecting the plant root from heavy metals, and the second, which is widely known as the
mycorrhizal colonization of roots, increases root surface area for nutrient absorption. The extramatrical of fungal
hyphae can extend several cm into the soil and encourage the uptake of plant nutrients to the host roots. In their
review paper, Gaur and Adholeya (2004) summarized that abuscular mycorrhiza are able to improve plant growth
in heavy metal-contaminated sites by improvement of soil properties, increasing plant access to relatively
immobile mineral nutrients, and binding heavy metals into roots thus restricting their translocation into shoot
tissues.
Many researchers have reported the occurrence of various mycorrhiza in plant roots growing in heavy metal
contaminated soils (Shetty et al., 1995; Chaudhry et al., 1999). Ramman et al. (1993) reported the presence of
abuscular mycorrhiza taxa such as Glomus and Gigaspora spp in the rhizospheres of fourteen plant species
growing in magnesite mine spoil in India. The existence of Glomus mosseae in heavily contaminated soils have
also been reported by Weissenhorn and Leyval (1995). Pawlowska et al. (1996) reported a re-covering of spores of
Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum, and Entrophospora spp. on spoil mounds rich in Pb, Cd and Zn. The
evidence of extomycorrhizal fungi in plants growing in heavy metal contaminated soils has been reported by Galli
et al. (1993). It is suggested that the role of this ectomycorrhizal fungi is to protect the roots from toxic heavy
metals.

Results (Indonesian) 1:

Pertambangan artisanal biasanya mempekerjakan teknologi yang sangat sederhana, dan tidak ada perencanaan untuk rehabilitasi setelahpenutupan operasi pertambangan. Hasil yang paling terlihat artisanal pertambangan adalah kerusakan lingkungan. Initermasuk logam berat polusi tanah dan air yang mengelilingi operasi pertambangan artisanal sebagai akibat daripembuangan limbah batu dan limbah tailing. Dalam beberapa kasus, pemisahan emas bijih tidak dilakukan di lokasi pertambangan,dan karena itu pencemaran lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi lebih lanjut daerah.Meskipun efek negatif, artisanal pertambangan memainkan peran penting dalam mengembangkan masyarakat. Artisanal pertambangan adalahsumber penting pendapatan di negara yang mengoperasikan sistem. Pertambangan artisanal menyediakan mata pencaharian untuk desamasyarakat. Pertambangan menyediakan pekerjaan untuk sejumlah besar pekerja, tidak hanya dalam kegiatan pertambangan,tetapi juga dalam semua kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan dukungan. Berdasarkan pertimbangan peran tersebut, Sir Mark Moody Stewart, PresidenGeological Society of London, selama November 2003 konferensi pertambangan yang berkelanjutan di London, katabahwa "Artisanal pertambangan perlu digalakkan; Namun, terkait miskin Kesehatan, keselamatan, dan lingkungankondisi harus ditingkatkan."Sistem teknik konvensional untuk merehabilitasi lahan terdegradasi ada, tapi mahal dan bergantung padateknologi yang mungkin tidak tersedia di daerah pertambangan artisanal terburuk mempengaruhi. Rehabilitasi dapat dilakukan di situand/or ex situ through the use of physical, chemical, or biological techniques. In situ improvement is favoredbecause of the lower cost and reduced impact on the environment.The use of vegetative technologies, known as“phytoremediation”, is recognized as a potentially cost-effective and ecologically sound alternative to degradedland rehabilitation. When used appropriately, phytoremediation can facilitate natural soil formation processes, andcan bring about pollutant degradation or removal (Munshower, 1993; Cunningham et al., 1995; Brooks, 1998).The existence of soil microorganisms, especially those that interact with plant roots, is one of the important keys indetermining the success of phytoremediation. In post mined land, because of the disturbance of top soils, there arechanges in the microbial community. Severe disturbance and contamination can lead to the complete extinction ofnormal soil microorganisms. Experience has shown that soil microbial communities in tailings can becomeseverely stressed. Heterotrophic populations become severely diminished, while acidophilic autotrophic bacteriasuch as Acidothiobacillus spp. and Leptospirillum ferrooxidans thrive (Southam and Beveridge, 1992).Heterotropic bacteria are very important for plant survival; the interaction between plant and microorganism leadsto increased plant nutrient availability and absorption and therefore to increased growth (Mummey et al., 2002;Mendez et al., 2007; Moynahan et al., 2002; Rosario et al., 2007).The role of mycorrhiza in phytoremediation has attracted research attention (Gaur and Adholeya, 2004;Hidelbrandt et al., 2007). There are at least two mechanisms by which the occurrence of mycorrhiza in plant rootpromotes the work of phytoremediation. First, as suggested by Galli et al. (1994), mycorrhizal colonization inroots plays a role in protecting the plant root from heavy metals, and the second, which is widely known as themycorrhizal colonization of roots, increases root surface area for nutrient absorption. The extramatrical of fungalhyphae can extend several cm into the soil and encourage the uptake of plant nutrients to the host roots. In theirreview paper, Gaur and Adholeya (2004) summarized that abuscular mycorrhiza are able to improve plant growthin heavy metal-contaminated sites by improvement of soil properties, increasing plant access to relativelyimmobile mineral nutrients, and binding heavy metals into roots thus restricting their translocation into shoottissues.Many researchers have reported the occurrence of various mycorrhiza in plant roots growing in heavy metalcontaminated soils (Shetty et al., 1995; Chaudhry et al., 1999). Ramman et al. (1993) reported the presence ofabuscular mycorrhiza taxa such as Glomus and Gigaspora spp in the rhizospheres of fourteen plant speciesgrowing in magnesite mine spoil in India. The existence of Glomus mosseae in heavily contaminated soils havealso been reported by Weissenhorn and Leyval (1995). Pawlowska et al. (1996) reported a re-covering of spores of
Glomus aggregatum, G. fasciculatum, and Entrophospora spp. on spoil mounds rich in Pb, Cd and Zn. The
evidence of extomycorrhizal fungi in plants growing in heavy metal contaminated soils has been reported by Galli
et al. (1993). It is suggested that the role of this ectomycorrhizal fungi is to protect the roots from toxic heavy
metals.