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The operation of the circuit is based on the automatic regulation: the regulated parameter (in this case
it is the output voltage 0 V of the regulator) is measured on the output of the resistive divider formed by
R1, R2. Measured value 0 kV is compared with reference voltage r V and the result of comparison kV0 -Vr
is applied to the input of the error amplifier. The output of the error amplifier 0 ( )r A kV -V (where A is
the amplifier gain) is applied to the input of the final control element (in this case, the control
transistor), thus regulating the output voltage.
It is evident from the above that
0 1 0 ( )r kV -V A× A =V ,
where
1 A the gain of regulating transistor.
This last expression can be rewritten in the following way:
0
1
1 1
1 r
k V
V k A A
×
- =
× × -
(1)
From the schematic diagram it is evident that 1
2
r (1 )
r
V V R
k R
= + is the output voltage of an ideal regulator,
and hence the left part of (1) denotes the relative error of output voltage, which is called regulator
instability ( 0 dV )
0
1
1
1
V
kAA
d =
-
(2)
In real life 1 kAA >> 1 and
0
1
V 1
kAA
d » (3)
It is clear from (3) that output voltage instability of the
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