In a case series study of nine patients with self-administered acetami translation - In a case series study of nine patients with self-administered acetami Indonesian how to say

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In a case series study of nine patients with self-administered acetaminophen overdose, abnormally elevated serum GST␣ levels were observed in every case. Moreover, in six cases, GST␣ levels and serum F protein (7/9) levels were elevated to twice the reference limit. By contrast, ALT values were within the normal range at admission in all the patients (6 h post-poisoning) except for one who was admitted at 12 h post ingestion. GST␣, serum F protein, and ALT activity all showed increased elevations post-admission, which was consistent with liver biopsies indicating necrosis (Beckett et al., 1989). The five patients with liver damage had GST␣ levels greater than 10 ␮g/L while those without liver damage had GST␣ levels less than 10 ␮g/L. Studies on single dose valproic acid toxicity lead to hemolysis, which interferes with the reliability of the serum ALT and AST activity assays. GST␣ levels were used to monitor val- proic acid induced hepatotoxicity in rats following daily i.p. injections (500 mg/kg) for 2, 4, 7 10, and 14 days. Significant GST␣ elevations occurred with as few as 4 days of treatment and were similarly elevated at days 7, 10, and 14 (Tong et al., 2005). GST␣ elevations pre- ceded histopathologic necrosis, although the statistical significance of the elevation at day 2 was not fulfilled. Muscle necrosis is not associated with changes in serum GST␣ levels indicating that this marker may be useful in differentiating liver injury from muscle injury (Rees et al., 1995). Low serum GST␣ levels in control subjects coupled with high induction of GST␣ levels with liver necrosis may aid interpretation of elevated transaminase levels with liver injury.

7.2. Human GSTα polymorphisms could modulate serum GSTα levels

Since single nucleotide polymorphisms effect expres- sion of human GST␣, the lack of GST␣ elevations with toxicant treatment might indicate an individual with polymorphism(s) in GST␣. In clinical trials, the monitoring of patients with several biomarkers in addi- tion to GST␣ would allow such comparative analyses to be made. The most frequently found polymorphism in human GST␣ is in hGSTA1*B, which correlates with reduced liver expression levels since the SP1 pro- moter element is mutated (Coles et al., 2001). Because the frequency of hGSTA1*B is approximately 40% in Caucasians, 35% in Africans, and 15% in Asians, this polymorphism would have high impact upon the val- ues obtained for participants in clinical trials (Coles and Kadlubar, 2005). Problems in detecting GST␣ polymor- phisms resulting from variations in coding sequences can be reduced by using polyclonal antisera with broad, but defined specificities. This problem can be analyzed fur- ther by comparing changes in subject with their pre-dose values.



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In a case series study of nine patients with self-administered acetaminophen overdose, abnormally elevated serum GST␣ levels were observed in every case. Moreover, in six cases, GST␣ levels and serum F protein (7/9) levels were elevated to twice the reference limit. By contrast, ALT values were within the normal range at admission in all the patients (6 h post-poisoning) except for one who was admitted at 12 h post ingestion. GST␣, serum F protein, and ALT activity all showed increased elevations post-admission, which was consistent with liver biopsies indicating necrosis (Beckett et al., 1989). The five patients with liver damage had GST␣ levels greater than 10 ␮g/L while those without liver damage had GST␣ levels less than 10 ␮g/L. Studies on single dose valproic acid toxicity lead to hemolysis, which interferes with the reliability of the serum ALT and AST activity assays. GST␣ levels were used to monitor val- proic acid induced hepatotoxicity in rats following daily i.p. injections (500 mg/kg) for 2, 4, 7 10, and 14 days. Significant GST␣ elevations occurred with as few as 4 days of treatment and were similarly elevated at days 7, 10, and 14 (Tong et al., 2005). GST␣ elevations pre- ceded histopathologic necrosis, although the statistical significance of the elevation at day 2 was not fulfilled. Muscle necrosis is not associated with changes in serum GST␣ levels indicating that this marker may be useful in differentiating liver injury from muscle injury (Rees et al., 1995). Low serum GST␣ levels in control subjects coupled with high induction of GST␣ levels with liver necrosis may aid interpretation of elevated transaminase levels with liver injury. 7.2. Human GSTα polymorphisms could modulate serum GSTα levelsSince single nucleotide polymorphisms effect expres- sion of human GST␣, the lack of GST␣ elevations with toxicant treatment might indicate an individual with polymorphism(s) in GST␣. In clinical trials, the monitoring of patients with several biomarkers in addi- tion to GST␣ would allow such comparative analyses to be made. The most frequently found polymorphism in human GST␣ is in hGSTA1*B, which correlates with reduced liver expression levels since the SP1 pro- moter element is mutated (Coles et al., 2001). Because the frequency of hGSTA1*B is approximately 40% in Caucasians, 35% in Africans, and 15% in Asians, this polymorphism would have high impact upon the val- ues obtained for participants in clinical trials (Coles and Kadlubar, 2005). Problems in detecting GST␣ polymor- phisms resulting from variations in coding sequences can be reduced by using polyclonal antisera with broad, but defined specificities. This problem can be analyzed fur- ther by comparing changes in subject with their pre-dose values.
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Dalam studi kasus serangkaian sembilan pasien dengan dikelola sendiri overdosis acetaminophen, kadar serum GST␣ abnormal diamati dalam setiap kasus. Selain itu, dalam enam kasus, tingkat GST␣ dan serum F protein (7/9) tingkat yang diangkat ke dua kali batas referensi. Sebaliknya, nilai ALT berada dalam kisaran normal saat masuk pada semua pasien (6 jam pasca-keracunan) kecuali satu yang mengaku pada 12 jam pasca konsumsi. GST␣, protein F serum, dan aktivitas ALT semua menunjukkan ketinggian meningkat pasca-masuk, yang konsisten dengan biopsi hati menunjukkan nekrosis (Beckett et al., 1989). Kelima pasien dengan kerusakan hati memiliki tingkat GST␣ lebih besar dari 10 ␮g / L sedangkan yang tanpa kerusakan hati memiliki tingkat GST␣ kurang dari 10 ␮g / L. Studi pada single valproik dosis toksisitas asam timbal hemolisis, yang mengganggu keandalan serum ALT dan aktivitas AST tes. Tingkat GST␣ digunakan untuk memantau asam disebabkan hepatotoksisitas-nilai proic pada tikus berikut suntikan ip harian (500 mg / kg) untuk 2, 4, 7 10, dan 14 hari. Signifikan ketinggian GST␣ terjadi dengan sesedikit 4 hari pengobatan dan juga sama-sama meningkat pada hari 7, 10, dan 14 (Tong et al., 2005). GST␣ ketinggian pra- menyerahkan nekrosis histopatologi, meskipun statistik signifikansi dari ketinggian di hari 2 tidak ful fi lled. Nekrosis otot tidak terkait dengan perubahan tingkat GST␣ serum menunjukkan bahwa penanda ini mungkin berguna dalam membedakan kerusakan hati dari cedera otot (Rees et al., 1995). Rendah tingkat serum GST␣ pada subyek kontrol ditambah dengan induksi tinggi tingkat GST␣ dengan nekrosis hati dapat membantu interpretasi kadar transaminase tinggi dengan kerusakan hati.

7.2. Manusia GSTα polimorfisme bisa mengatur tingkat GSTα serum

Sejak polimorfisme nukleotida tunggal efek expression sion dari GST␣ manusia, kurangnya ketinggian GST␣ dengan pengobatan toksikan mungkin menunjukkan seorang individu dengan polimorfisme (s) di GST␣. Dalam uji klinis, pemantauan pasien dengan beberapa biomarker dalam Tambahannya untuk GST␣ akan memungkinkan analisis komparatif seperti yang akan dibuat. Polimorfisme yang paling sering ditemukan di GST␣ manusia di hGSTA1 * B, yang berkorelasi dengan tingkat ekspresi hati berkurang sejak SP1 pro moter elemen bermutasi (Coles et al., 2001). Karena frekuensi hGSTA1 * B adalah sekitar 40% di Kaukasia, 35% di Afrika, dan 15% di Asia, polimorfisme ini akan memiliki dampak yang tinggi pada nilai--nilai yang diperoleh peserta dalam uji klinis (Coles dan Kadlubar, 2005). Masalah dalam mendeteksi phisms GST␣ polimorfonuklear yang dihasilkan dari variasi dalam pengkodean urutan dapat dikurangi dengan menggunakan antisera poliklonal dengan luas, tetapi didefinisikan kota spesifik. Masalah ini dapat dianalisis bulu- dengan membandingkan perubahan subjek dengan nilai-nilai pra-dosis mereka.



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