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Macro ClosureFor this exercise a ―neutral‖ or ―balanced‖ set of macro closure rules is specified. Currentaccount balances for all regions are assumed to be fixed at initial benchmark levels interms of the global numeraire and real exchange rates adjust to maintain external equilibrium. Since the model only solves for relative prices, we assume that the consumerprice index in each country/region is fixed and that a trade-weighted average of theexchange rates for the OECD-America countries is also fixed, defining the globalnumeraire for the model. This treatment implies that the regional current accountbalances are fixed in terms of the basket of goods underlying the OECD-Americaconsumer price index. Any change in, say, the nominal value of export earnings at worldmarket prices in the model can be seen as changes in dollars of constant purchasingpower in terms of this basket of goods.The assumption of fixed current account balances reflects our focus on the trade channel,assuming away the effects of the crisis on capital flows. It ensures that there are nochanges in future ―claims‖ on exports across the regions in the model, i.e., net assetpositions are fixed. In addition, we assume a ―balanced‖ macro adjustment to the shockwithin countries. Changes in aggregate absorption are assumed to be shared equally (tomaintain the shares from the base data) among private consumption, government, andinvestment demands. Benchmark Data and CalibrationThe model is calibrated to a social accounting matrix representation of the GTAP 7.0database (Narayanan and Walmsley (eds.), 2008) that combines detailed bilateral trade,and protection data reflecting economic linkages among regions with individual countryinput-output data, which account for intersectoral linkages within regions, for thebenchmark year 2004. Production, trade and income elasticities are drawn from theGTAP behavioural data base. Appendix A provides further detail and reports the keyelasticity figures.
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