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The aim of this article is to propose that oxytocin not only stimulates milk let down, but alsoadapts behaviour and physiology to facilitate lactation in mammals including dairy cattle.Circulating oxytocin as well as neurogenic oxytocin participates in these regulatory processes.In short, oxytocin stimulates maternal interaction and attachment between mother andyoung. It also participates in the metabolic prerequisites for milk production by e.g. stimulatingglucagon release and thereby, mobilisation of glucose. Digestive and anabolic aspects ofmetabolism are also stimulated, e.g. by increased vagal nerve activity. Adaptations consistentwith an antistress like pattern are also induced. Cortisol levels are decreased as well as bloodpressure, and behaviours characterised by calm, reduced levels of anxiety and more social activityare promoted. These effects seem to be present in monogastric animals as well as in ruminants. Theexpression of various aspects of these adaptations vary according to the special needs and livingenvironmental circumstances of different species. The mechanisms behind the effect spectrum ofoxytocin are being explored in other experimental models. A second aim of this paper is to suggestthat ef®ciency of lactation can be promoted by facilitating oxytocin release in connectionwith milking by enhancing the amount of sensory stimulation. # 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved
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