Results (
Thai) 2:
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3. Results
The macrofilaricidal activity of these plants extracts
were expressed in relative movability (RM) percentage as shown in Table
1andFigs. 2–4. The negative control cultures showed 100% RM
after 24 h of incubation, showing that the constant environment,
culture process and the DMSO used do not have an effect on the
microfilaricidal activity of the plant extracts. Positive control cultures demonstrated by ivermectin simulated a non-linear curve
with 0% RM by 24 h proving that the preparation technique of
the treatment compounds does not have any effects on the microfilaricidal efficacy of the extracts.
Results showed that all plant extracts successfully
demonstrated microfilaricidal activity with the trend of a non-linear curve
over time. There were also dose-dependant microfilaricidal activities observed, with the highest concentration giving the strongest
microfilaricidal activity (reduced RM) with gradual reduced activity with tapering concentration. However, this dose-dependant
activity was only seen in the two highest concentration tested
(10 mg/ml and 1 mg/ml) from in the Z. officinale (ZO) extract
(Fig. 2).
It was also interesting to note that, when observing the ZO and
TC extract, the 100lg/ml concentration has a slightly reduced
microfilaricidal activity than the 10lg/ml and 1lg/ml
concentration, but this was proven to be statistically insignificant (p< 0.05).
When these three extracts were compared with one another at
what was observed to be the most effective crude concentration
(10 mg/ml) (Fig. 5), it was found that the ZO extract was superior
at successfully reducing the RM to 0% by the 3rd hour post treatment, followed by the AP extract at the RM of 7.48% and TC extract
at 30.15% by the 24th h. These extracts however do not show the
same level of strength in microfilaricidal efficacy as the positive
control (ivermectin), but they do follow a similar trend as the po-sitive control.
Another observation of this experiment was that all the three
extracts effectively reduce the microfilarial motility via a possible
spastic mechanism, with the microfilaria exhibiting reduction in
motility by maintaining a ‘straight pose’ with cessation of any horizontal or vertical movement. This ‘pose’ was still observed after
21 h post cessation of movement.
3.1. Z. officinale extract
In Fig. 2, the ZO extract at concentrations 10 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml,
100lg/ml, 10lg/ml and 1lg/ml effectively reduce the RM to 0,
30.98, 93.72, 88.12 and 87.95%, respectively after 24 h. The most
effective concentration in these series was 10 mg/ml and the least
effective concentration (with RM < 50%) was 1 mg/ml (p< 0.05).
The lower concentration values in these series did not show any
significant difference in microfilaricidal activity between each
other based on the statistical analyses despite these concentrations
exhibiting some but unappreciable inhibition of the microfilarial
movements.
3.2. A. paniculata and T. crispa Miers
The AP extract showed
inhibitory effects on microfilarial move-ments as demonstrated inFig. 3, with the concentration of 10 mg/
ml effectively reducing the RM to 7.48% by the 24th h. The same
inference can be said about the TC extract, also demonstrating a reduced RM of up to 30.15% by the same hour as seen inFig. 4. The
concentrations less than 10 mg/ml in this series for both the TC and
AP extracts did not significantly differ from each other (p< 0.05) as
there were overlapping variances, however both showed some
inhibition of microfilarial movements by the 24th
hour as compared to the ZO extract.
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