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1. Increase intrauterine erythropoiesis<br>1.1 Intrauterine hypoxia <br>- placental insufficiency <br>- SGA, postterm <br>- Toxemia of pregnancy, drug เช่น propranolol <br>- Congenital infection : TORCH <br>- Severe maternal disease : โรคไต โรคหัวใจ<br>- Maternal smoking <br>1.2 Endocrine disorders <br>- Hyperinsulinism : maternal diabetes <br>- Neonatal hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism <br>- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia <br>1.3 Chromosome abnormalities : trisomy 13, 18, 21 <br>2. Red cell transfusion <br>2.1 placental to fetus transfusion <br>- late cord clamping <br>- infant is kept below placenta before cord clamping <br>- intrauterine asphyxia <br>2.2 แฝดคู่ถ่าย<br>2.3 มารดา - ทารกในครรภ์ถ่าย
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